Muscles Involved in Naris Dilation and Nose Motion in Rat

In a number of mammals muscle dilator nasi (naris) has been described as a muscle that reduces nasal airflow resistance by dilating the nostrils. Here we show that in rats the tendon of this muscle inserts into the aponeurosis above the nasal cartilage. Electrical stimulation of this muscle raises the nose and deflects it laterally towards the side of stimulation, but does not change the size of the nares. In alert head‐restrained rats, electromyographic recordings of muscle dilator nasi reveal that it is active during nose motion rather than nares dilation. Together these results suggest an alternative role for the muscle dilator nasi in directing the nares for active odor sampling rather than dilating the nares. We suggest that dilation of the nares results from contraction of muscles of the maxillary division of muscle nasolabialis profundus. This muscle group attaches to the outer wall of the nasal cartilage and to the plate of the mystacial pad. Contraction of these muscles exerts a dual action: it pulls the lateral nasal cartilage outward, thus dilating the naris, and drags the plate of the mystacial pad rostrally to produce a slight retraction of the vibrissae. On the basis of these results, we propose that muscle dilator nasi of the rat should be re‐named muscle deflector nasi, and that the maxillary parts of muscle nasolabialis profundus should be referred to as muscle dilator nasi. Anat Rec, 298:546–553, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Peri‐pharyngeal muscle response to inspiratory loading: comparison of patients with OSA and healthy subjects

Upper airway patency to airflow and the occurrence of obstructive sleep apnea involve a complex interplay between pharyngeal anatomy and synergic co‐activation of peri‐pharyngeal muscles. In previous studies we observed large differences in the response to sleep‐associated flow limitation between the genioglossus and other (non‐GG) peri‐pharyngeal muscles. We hypothesized that similar differences are present also during wakefulness. In the present study we compared the response to inspiratory loading of the genioglossus electromyogram and four other peri‐pharyngeal muscles. Studies were performed in eight obstructive sleep apnea patients, seven age‐matched healthy subjects and five additional younger subjects. Electromyogram activity was evaluated over a range of negative oesophageal pressures and expressed as % of maximal electromyograms. In healthy subjects, the slope response to inspiratory loading (electromyogram/pressures) was similar for the genioglossus and non‐GG muscles studied. However, the electromyogram responses were significantly higher in the young subjects compared with older subjects. In contrast, in the obstructive sleep apnea patients, the electromyogram/pressure response of the non‐GG muscles was similar to that of the age‐matched healthy subjects, whereas the slope response of the genioglossus electromyogram was significantly higher than non‐GG muscles. We conclude that both age and the presence of obstructive sleep apnea affect the response of peri‐pharyngeal muscles to inspiratory loading. In patients with obstructive sleep apnea the genioglossus seems to compensate for mechanical disadvantages, but non‐GG muscles apparently are not included in this neuromuscular compensatory mechanism. Our current and previous findings suggest that attempts to improve obstructive sleep apnea with myofunctional therapy should put added emphasis on the training of non‐GG muscles.     

椎体扩张器?Kyphon球囊和Sky骨膨胀器三种后凸成形术的临床应用比较研究

目的:比较椎体扩张器、Kyphon球囊和Sky骨膨胀器后凸成形术的临床应用结果及优缺点。方法:回顾性研究2006年10月至2010年2月,分别对71例71椎、55例55椎和22例22椎骨质疏松脊柱压缩骨折患者行椎体扩张器后凸成形术(dilator-kyphoplasty,DKP)、Kyphon球囊后凸成形术(balloon-kyphoplasty,BKP)和Sky骨膨胀器后凸成形术(Sky-bone expanderkyphoplasty,EKP)。记录手术时间、术中出血量、骨水泥注射量,观察手术前后疼痛视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale,VAS)和Oswestry功能障碍指数(oswestry disability index,ODI)评分情况,测量病椎的高度和Cobb角改变。结果:3组手术时间、出血量相比,差异无统计学意义,骨水泥注入量EKP组与其他组比较有显著差异。3组术后椎体高度和后凸Cobb角、VAS评分、ODI评分均较术前明显改善。DKP组椎体高度和后凸Cobb角恢复较其他组显著。骨水泥渗漏:DKP组2例少量渗入椎体侧方,BKP组4例,EKP组9例,均无临床症状。结论:DKP...     

经尿道输尿管扩张术治疗输尿管下段狭窄112例临床分析

目的探讨经尿道输尿管扩张治疗输尿管下段狭窄的临床效果。方法采用经尿道输尿管扩张治疗输尿管下段狭窄112例,其中男65例,女47例,平均年龄38岁。狭窄段长度0．5～0．2cm。结果112例均顺利通过输尿管扩张导丝,狭窄段扩张成功。随访6～30个月,平均13个月。一次扩张成功96例（85．7％）,B超提示肾盂积水均消失或明显减轻,CTU示狭窄段通畅;其中2例先天性巨输尿管症术后取支架后狭窄复发,肾盂积水无明显改善,经再次扩张和置人双“J”管后,肾积水减轻,狭窄段较前通畅;所有手术无输尿管穿孔、脱套、撕裂等严重并发症发生。结论经尿道输尿管扩张治疗输尿管下段狭窄具有操作简单、效果可靠、并发症少、体表无伤口、可重复治疗及住院时间短等优点。     

Effectiveness of Single Dilation with Maloney Dilator versus Endoscopic Rupture of Schatzki's Ring Using Biopsy Forceps

Current recommendations for treatment of patients with symptomatic Schatzki's ring are based on anecdotal experience or uncontrolled studies. Maloney dilation is the gold standard. We performed a randomized controlled trial to compare the use of a single 52-Fr Maloney dilation versus four quadrant biopsy of Schatzki's ring for relief of dysphagia. The subjects answered standardized dysphagia-related questions on a scale of 0–5 (0 = no dysphagia; 5 = cannot handle secretions). To account for modifications in diet and eating habits, subjects answered 11 question to arrive at a eating/diet score. Patients with Schatzki's ring were randomized into one of the two protocols. Group 1 underwent endoscopic biopsies of the ring, one biopsy in each quadrant. In group 2, the endoscope was taken out, and a single 52-Fr Maloney dilation was performed. Twenty-six patients participated in the study and were followed for up to 15 months. There was no significant difference in age, sex, race, smoking, alcohol abuse, or medication intake between the two groups. Dysphagia score improved by 91% in both groups at three months and 84% and 85% at 12 months in groups 1 and 2, respectively. The eating/diet habit score improved by 78% in both groups. There was one failure in each group, and one recurrence at six months in the dilation group. Fifty-five percent of dilation group and 100% of biopsy group described the procedure as easy. There was no difference in the amount of sedatives used during the procedure or the acid blockers after the procedure. In patients undergoing endoscopy, the superior cost/safety profile of endoscopic biopsy makes it a preferred choice for treatment of Schatzki's ring over bougienage.     

The influence of aging on pharyngeal collapsibility during sleep

BACKGROUND: Aging increases vulnerability to obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Recent data in awake healthy volunteers show a decrease in the genioglossus negative pressure reflex and anatomic compromise with increasing age, suggesting an age-related predisposition to pharyngeal collapse. However, aging effects on pharyngeal collapsibility have not been studied extensively during sleep. We tested the hypotheses that upper airway closing pressure (PCLOSE) and the increase in pharyngeal resistance during sleep (primary outcomes) as well as measures of arousal threshold (secondary outcomes) increase with age. METHODS: We studied 21 healthy individuals (8 women [mean (+/- SD) age, 36 +/- 18 years] and 13 men [mean age, 41 +/- 23 years]) who were between 18 and 75 years of age. During overnight polysomnography, we measured nasal pressure (PMASK) and epiglottic pressure (Pepi) during stage 2 sleep before and after airway occlusion (external valve) until arousal. PCLOSE was defined as the pressure at which PMASK plateaued despite further decreases in PEPI. RESULTS: Increasing age was correlated with both pharyngeal collapsibility ([PCLOSE] r = 0.69; p < 0.01) and an increase in pharyngeal resistance during sleep (r = 0.56; p < 0.01) independent of body mass index (BMI) and gender. There was no evidence for an effect of age on arousal threshold after airway occlusion during stage 2 sleep. CONCLUSIONS: Older age is associated with increased pharyngeal airway collapsibility during sleep independent of gender and BMI. These data may at least partially explain the mechanisms underlying the predisposition for pharyngeal collapse in the elderly.     

Microcatheters for antegrade recanalization of chronic total coronary occlusions: Feasibility and safety of the corsair - A retrospective registry-based single operator experience

BackgroundThe Corsair collateral channel dilator was designed for retrograde passage in cases of coronary chronic total occlusion (CTO). Its antegrade use is discouraged and the number of published studies regarding such use is limited. Our single-operator experience examines the feasibility and safety of the Corsair in antegrade recanalization of chronic CTOs in a large cohort.MethodsWe queried the European Registry of Chronic Total Occlusion (ERCTO) for all microcatheters used in antegrade recanalizations between 2008 and 2016. We also retrospectively assessed all 722 coronary interventions for CTOs (624 antegrade, 98 retrograde) between January 2008 and December 2016, performed by a single operator who primarily applied the Corsair as antegrade microcatheter. Patient, procedure, and outcome data was analyzed.ResultsIn 17,787 cases performed by 93 operators contributing to the ERCTO database, there were 3294 with information on microcatheter type. The FineCross MG (73.9 %) was the most commonly used microcatheter. The Corsair was used in only 1.2 % (excluding patients in the single-operator cohort). In the same period 45.7 % (n = 285) of all 624 antegrade cases handled by our single operator were performed using the Corsair, with no exclusions due to anatomical or morphological criteria. The procedural success rate was 93.7 %. There were 2 cases of cardiac tamponade, 5 cases of minor perforation, and one catheter tip fracture.ConclusionsThe Corsair is rarely used for antegrade recanalization. In this single-operator experience, the antegrade use of the Corsair was safe. The success rate was high, although causative conclusions cannot be drawn.     

免球囊扩张器免钉合器完全腹膜外腹腔镜腹股沟疝修补术的临床观察

目的观察探讨免球囊扩张器免钉合器完全腹膜外腹腔镜疝修补术在成人腹股沟疝的临床应用效果。方法选取2012年3月至2013年4月于本科进行免球囊扩张器免钉合器完全腹膜外腹腔镜腹股沟疝修补术治疗的62例成人腹股沟疝患者为研究对象,将所有患者的手术成功率,中转TAPP率、手术时间、住院时间、并发症发生率及手术后不同时间的疼痛情况进行统计分析。结果 62例患者手术均成功,成功率为100.00%,中转TAPP率、手术时间、住院时间、并发症发生率均较佳,而术后3 d轻度疼痛率为96.77%,高于术后1 d,P<0.05。结论免球囊扩张器免钉合器在完全腹膜外腹腔镜腹股沟疝修补术中的应用效果较好,具有安全性较高、术后疼痛轻、恢复快、术后并发症发生少、复发率低等优势,值得临床推广。