儿童尿路感染的临床分析与治疗

目的 分析我院147例泌尿系感染住院患儿的临床及治疗情况,并结合国内外新的研究进展,为临床诊治提供参考依据。方法 应用描述性方法对我院2016年5月至2020年5月住院的147例泌尿系感染病例进行回顾性分析。结果 147例患儿中,男性88例(59.86%)。婴儿期人数最多,共63例(42.86%)。尿培养中以屎肠球菌及大肠埃希菌多见。治疗上有136例(92.52%)选用头孢菌素类抗生素,其中三代头孢有132例(89.80%);45例行排泄性膀胱输尿管造影的患儿中有22例(48.89%)存在膀胱输尿管返流。结论 泌尿系感染是儿童的常见病,由于它与泌尿系畸形特别是膀胱输尿管返流密切相关,易导致感染反复,因此早期诊治并寻找其潜在的畸形,可预防复发,改善预后。     

Characterization of Hybrid Materials Prepared by Sol-Gel Method for Biomedical Implementations. A Critical Review

The interaction between tissues and biomaterials (BM) has the purpose of improving and replacing anatomical parts of the human body, avoiding the occurrence of adverse reactions in the host organism. Unfortunately, the early failure of implants cannot be currently avoided, since neither a good mixture of mechanical and chemical characteristics of materials nor their biocompatibility has been yet achieved. Bioactive glasses are recognized to be a fine class of bioactive substances for good repair and replacement. BM interact with living bones through the formation of a hydroxyapatite surface layer that is analogous to bones. Bioglasses’ composition noticeably affects their biological properties, as does the synthesis method, with the best one being the versatile sol-gel technique, which includes the change of scheme from a ‘sol’ fluid into a ‘gel’. This process is widely used to prepare many materials for biomedical implants (e.g., hip and knee prostheses, heart valves, and ceramic, glassy and hybrid materials to serve as carriers for drug release). Nanoparticles prepared by the sol-gel method are interesting systems for biomedical implementations, and particularly useful for cancer therapy. This review provides many examples concerning the synthesis and characterization of the above-mentioned materials either taken from literature and from recently prepared zirconia/polyethylene glycol (PEG) hybrids, and the corresponding results are extensively discussed.     

Coumarin-containing hybrids and their antibacterial activities

Infections caused by Gram-positive and -negative bacteria are one of the foremost causes of morbidity and mortality globally. Antibiotics are the mainstay of therapy for bacterial infections, but the emergence and wide spread of drug-resistant pathogens have already become a huge issue for public healthcare systems. The coumarin moiety, which is ubiquitous in nature, could bind to the B subunit of DNA gyrase in bacteria and inhibit DNA supercoiling by blocking the ATPase activity; hence, coumarin derivatives possess potential antibacterial activity. Several coumarin-containing hybrids such as coumermycin A1, clorobiocin, and novobiocin have already been used in clinical practice for the treatment of various bacterial infections; thus, it is conceivable that hybridization of the coumarin moiety with other antibacterial pharmacophores may provide opportunities for the development of novel antibiotics. This review outlines the advances in coumarin-containing hybrids with antibacterial potential in the recent 5 years and the structure–activity relationships are also discussed.     

Investigation of the antibacterial and antifungal activity of thiolated naphthoquinones

The WHO has stated that antibiotic resistance is escalating to perilously high levels globally and that traditional therapies of antimicrobial drugs are futile against infections caused by resistant microorganisms. Novel antimicrobial drugs are therefore required. We report in this study on the inhibitory activity of the 1,4-naphthoquinone-2,3-bis-sulfides and 1,4-naphthoquinone sulfides against two bacteria and a fungus to determine their antimicrobial properties. The 1,4-naphthoquinone sulfides have potent activity with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 7.8 μg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus (Gram +ve), an MIC of 23.4 μg/mL against the fungus, Candida albicans, which was better than that of Amphotericin B (MIC = 31.3 μg/mL), and against Escherichia coli (Gram −ve) an MIC of 31.3 μg/mL was obtained. The 1,4-naphthoquinone had an MIC of 11.7 μg/mL against S. aureus and the 1,4-naphthohydroquinone also had the same activity against E. coli.

蝎肽抗菌凝胶治疗急性放射性皮炎的临床疗效观察

目的研究蝎肽抗菌凝胶对急性放射性皮炎的治疗作用。方法将接受放射治疗后出现急性放射性皮炎的102例患者,创面清洁后,随机分为研究组(n=53)和对照组(n=49),研究组以蝎肽抗菌凝胶均匀涂于创面,对照组以生理盐水、庆大霉素、地塞米松溶液持续湿敷,两组均每天换药3次,治疗14天;观察两组皮肤愈合情况、愈合时间、放疗中断时间以及不良反应发生情况,治疗前后进行放射性皮肤损伤评估量表(RISRAS)评定。结果与对照组相比,研究组治愈率和总有效率均显著增高(54.7%vs 26.5%,88.7%vs 63.3%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05);平均治愈时间明显缩短[(6.23±2.62)天vs(10.43±2.45)天,P0.05];研究组治疗后RISRAS评分低于对照组[(2.44±1.21)vs(3.23±1.31),P0.05];研究组放疗中断时间为(6.39±2.12)天,明显短于对照组(11.37±3.05)天,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论蝎肽抗菌凝胶能有效治疗急性放射性皮炎,对各级皮损均有显著疗效,可明显缩短治愈时间和放疗中断时间,无不良反应。     

Microspheres of essential oil in polylactic acid and poly(methyl methacrylate) matrices and their blends

This study is focussed on micro-encapsulation of essential oils in polylactic acid (PLA) and a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) matrix as well as blends of the same. Microspheres were prepared by the solvent evaporation technique and characterised by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR). The encapsulation efficiencies and release profiles of the essential oils were studied by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and head-space solid-phase microextraction GC-MS, respectively. Furthermore, the microspheres were tested for antibacterial activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial strains.

The results showed that the microspheres compositions (PLA/PMMA ratio) have significant effect on their characteristics. The process adopted for preparing the microspheres promoted formation of spherical particles at the sizes of 1.5–9.5?µm. The highest encapsulation efficiency of the prepared microspheres was observed in systems consisting of linalool (81.10?±?10.0?wt. % for PLA system and 76.0?±?3.3?wt. % for PMMA system). Confirmation was also made that the release rate of the microspheres was affected by the size of the same.     

探讨药学干预对喹诺酮类抗菌药物临床合理用药的影响

目的:药学干预对喹诺酮类抗菌药物临床合理用药的影响效果。方法:选取2017年4月~2018年3月、2018年4月~2019年3月两时段就诊的患者,分别设为对照阶段、观察阶段,在两个阶段内于某院就诊且接受喹诺酮类抗菌药物治疗患者各选取115例,分别作为观察组及对照组,实施或未实施药学干预,分析组间干预效果差异。结果:观察组干预后喹诺酮类抗菌药物引发的不良反应发生率低于对照组(P<0.05);观察组干预后不合理使用率均低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:药学干预对喹诺酮类抗菌药物临床合理用药能够产生积极影响效果。     

Dioxane-Linked Amide Derivatives as Novel Bacterial Topoisomerase Inhibitors against Gram-Positive Staphylococcus aureus

In recent years, novel bacterial topoisomerase inhibitors (NBTIs) have been developed as future antibacterials for treating multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. A series of dioxane-linked NBTIs with an amide moiety has been synthesized and evaluated. Compound 3 inhibits DNA gyrase, induces the formation of single strand breaks to bacterial DNA, and achieves potent antibacterial activity against a variety of Gram-positive pathogens, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Optimization of this series of analogues led to the discovery of a subseries of compounds (22–25) with more potent anti-MRSA activity, dual inhibition of DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, and the ability to induce double strand breaks through inhibition of S. aureus DNA gyrase.     

赤芍的抑菌作用及其防治慢性牙周炎的机制研究

目的 研究赤芍提取物对牙龈卟啉单胞菌（Porphyromonas gingivalis，P.g）、具核梭杆菌（Fusobacterium nucleatum，F.n）和伴放线聚集杆菌（Actinobacillus Actinomycetes，A.a）的抑菌作用，并通过网络药理学方法分析赤芍防治慢性牙周炎（chronic periodontitis，CP）的潜在分子机制和药理活性。方法 采用倍比稀释法测定赤芍提取物对3种牙周致病菌（P.g、F.n、A.a）的最低抑菌浓度（minimum inhibitory concentration，MIC）及最低杀菌浓度（minimal bactericidal concentration，MBC）。借助TCMSP数据库获取赤芍化学成分及作用靶点，通过Genecards等数据库获取CP疾病靶点，韦恩分析取交集。利用Cytoscape 3.7.2软件构建赤芍防治CP的“成分-靶点-疾病”网络，采用STRING数据库构建蛋白互作网络（Protein protein interaction network，PPI network），并进行基因本体（Gene Ontology，GO）和京都基因和基因组百科全书（Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes，KEGG）富集分析。结果 赤芍提取物对P.g、F.n、A.a的MIC分别为2.0、4.0、4.0 g/L，MBC分别为4.0、8.0、8.0 g/L。分析获得赤芍活性成分29个，CP疾病靶点2 132个，交集靶点89个。赤芍治疗CP的主要活性成分有黄芩苷、鞣花酸等，关键靶点包括白细胞介素-6（Interleukin-6，IL-6）等。GO富集分析得到蛋白质异构化活性等126个GO条目，KEGG富集分析得到丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（Mitogen-activated protein kinase，MAPK）等110条通路。结论 赤芍提取物对3种牙周致病菌均有不同程度的抑菌作用，初步阐述了赤芍的主要成分、作用靶点和相关通路在防治CP中具有重要的研究价值，为进一步深入临床研究提供实验依据和理论支持。