日本的生活垃圾收费及减量效果分析——"日野模式"考察

介绍了东京都日野市确立生活垃圾收费标准的方式及为推行这一政策所采取的相关举措,分析了收费前后的垃圾减量效果及居民的环境意识变化,提出了对我国探索城市生活垃圾收费改革的启示.     

急诊救治严重创伤314例分析

目的对严重创伤病例进行回顾性分析,并对城市中常见的创伤急救提出建设性意见.方法对2000-08/2005-07急诊危重病例中筛选出急需抢救的严重创伤314例进行分析.结果男性236,女性78例,年龄33.8(8~77)岁;创伤评分(TS)13.4±3.5;格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)12.4±3.6;创伤严重程度评分(ISS)20.1±11.7;多发伤152例(48.4%).病因交通伤163例(52%);斗殴、工伤93例(30%);坠落伤58例(18%).休克253例,脱险率94%,抢救成功率89%.实施确定性抢救手术261例.急诊滞留时间抢救脱险组(54±28)min,死亡组(121±48)min,两组有统计学差异(P<0.01).结论交通伤、斗殴、工伤、坠落伤是城市严重创伤的主要原因,缩短急诊滞留时间,早期实施确定性治疗,可以有效地提高抢救成功率.     

Public participation and marginalized groups: the community development model

Objectives  To develop ways of reaching house-bound people and enabling them to give their views in planning and monitoring health and social care.
Strategy  HealthLINK – a project based in a community health council – explored ways of involving older house-bound people in the London Borough of Camden, in planning and monitoring health and social care using community development techniques.
Results  HealthLINK set up an infrastructure to enable house-bound people to have access to information and to enable them to give their views. This resulted in access for health and local authorities to the views of house-bound older people and increased the self esteem and quality of life of those who became involved.
Conclusions  Community development approaches that enable an infrastructure to be established may be an effective way of reaching marginalized communities. However, there are tensions in this approach between the different requirements for public involvement of statutory bodies and of users, and between representation of groups and listening to individual voices.     

重庆市主城九区3～6岁儿童忽视状况的调查分析

目的：了解重庆市主城九区3～6岁儿童的忽视状况。方法采取分层随机抽样的方法,对重庆市主城九区18个街道的1316名3～6岁儿童,运用“中国3～6岁城区儿童忽视常模”进行问卷调查。采用SPSS13．0软件对不同年龄、性别、忽视层面（身体、情感、教育、安全和医疗）的忽视率与忽视度进行统计学描述与检验。结果重庆市主城九区3～6岁儿童总忽视率为22．95％,总忽视度为39．56±7．19,不同性别、各年龄组间儿童在忽视率和忽视度上差异无统计学意义（ P＞0．05）。儿童忽视的5种类型中,忽视率为5．09％～10．64％,其中安全与身体忽视的频率较高,分别为10．64％与9．50％;忽视度为36．94～41．24,教育、身体忽视的强度较大,分别为41．24±10．43与39．81±9．32。除各年龄组儿童情感忽视度外,5种类型的忽视率与其他4类的忽视度在各年龄组及男女童间差异均无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。儿童同时受忽视种类发生率在不同性别与各年龄组间差异均无统计学意义,所有儿童均以单项（即只在5种忽视种类的任何一种）受忽视为主,发生率13．68％,构成比59．60％。结论重庆市主城九区3～6岁儿童受到忽视的频率与强度均处于一般水平,除情感忽视强度外,不同性别、各年龄的儿童受到忽视的频率和强度相同。儿童安全与身体受到忽视的频率较高,教育、情感受到忽视的强度较大。所有儿童均以单项受忽视为主。     

城镇儿童医疗保障筹资的经济学分析

我国的城镇基本医疗保险制度是收入相关的制度,即所覆盖的是具有收入的城镇职工。而长期以来,广大儿童却被排斥在现有的医疗保障体系之外。对于一个医疗保障制度而言,其最为核心的因素无非是如何筹资。文章将从两种最基本的医疗保障筹资模式入手,对城镇儿童医疗保障的筹资进行经济学分析,以便更好地应用到我国城镇儿童医疗保障筹资的实践之中。     

Childhood obesity in transition zones: an analysis using structuration theory

Childhood obesity is particularly prevalent in areas that have seen rapid economic growth, urbanisation, cultural transition, and commodification of food systems. Structuration theory may illuminate the interaction between population and individual‐level causes of obesity. We conducted in‐depth ethnographies of six overweight/obese and four non‐overweight preschool children in Hong Kong, each followed for 12–18 months. Analysis was informed by Stones’ strong structuration theory. Risk factors played out differently for different children as social structures were enacted at the level of family and preschool. The network of caregiving roles and relationships around the overweight/obese child was typically weak and disjointed, and the primary caregiver appeared confused by mixed messages about what is normal, expected and legitimate behaviour. In particular, external social structures created pressure to shift childcare routines from the logic of nurturing to the logic of consumption. Our findings suggest that threats to what Giddens called ontological security in the primary caregiver may underpin the poor parenting, family stress and weak mealtime routines that mediate the relationship between an obesogenic environment and the development of obesity in a particular child. This preliminary study offers a potentially transferable approach for studying emerging epidemics of diseases of modernity in transition societies.     

城市儿童饮食行为与其营养状况的多重对应分析

目的深入了解城市儿童饮食行为与他们营养状况之间的关系,为改善儿童的饮食行为和促进健康提出科学的应对策略与措施。方法选择福州和莆田2个城市4所小学的1~6年级小学生做为研究对象,采用自制的调查表进行调查,并使用多重对应分析对结果进行分析。结果在儿童的各种不良饮食行为中,最常见的分别为挑食偏食(19.2%)、常喝含糖饮料(15.5%)和常吃甜食(11.7%)。有21.3%的儿童营养不良,23.3%的儿童超重或肥胖,只有55.4%的儿童营养状况正常。儿童消瘦与挑食偏食严重和不吃早餐有关;儿童超重或肥胖与不挑食偏食和有时吃西式快餐有关;儿童营养状况正常与常吃早餐、不挑食偏食,以及不吃腌制食品和西式快餐有关。结论福建省2城市4所小学学生的不良饮食行为及营养状况欠佳的发生率均较高,要重点改善早餐行为、挑食偏食行为和进食西式快餐行为,促进儿童的健康。     

将志愿者机制引入城市贫困人口护理援助体系的构想

城市贫困人口的健康问题已经成为政府和社会普遍关注的重大问题。护理援助体系的建立是利用社会民间资源对城市贫困人口实施救助的有效途径。引入志愿者机制,可实现“一助一”结对服务,普及专科防治知识,保障城市贫困人口得到持久的护理援助。     

NADA Training Provides PTSD Relief in Haiti

Background

The five needle auricular acupuncture technique known as the NADA protocol was originally developed to address issues of addiction. It has since found wider applications in behavioral health, including use in the treatment of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder.

Objective

To provide ongoing physical and mental support via training in the NADA protocol to the Haitian community affected by Post Traumatic Stress Disorder.

Methods

NADA treatments and training were provided in Haiti three months after the earthquake which devastated much of the country and left hundreds of thousands of victims traumatized and homeless.

Results

Despite the many challenges in a post-disaster zone 24 local Haitians were trained in the NADA protocol. These trainees went on to provide thousands of treatments to a population still enduring trauma, upheaval, and illness.

Conclusion

The elements that led to the success of the project include: previous experience implementing similar trainings, clear intentions, complete flexibility, honoring local customs & protocols, cohesive team work, collaboration with NGOs working locally and follow up visit to training sites. As with our projects in Africa we recognize that the NADA protocol can have a profound effect on communities experiencing hardship and transition.     

创新型城市建设的企业路径——具有竞争优势的深圳企业自主创新模式分析

建立企业自主创新能力持续提升机制、形成具有竞争优势的企业自主创新路径是创新型国家和创新型城市建设的基本条件.而作为创新型城市建设的主要创新微观主体,企业自主创新路径及其绩效高低直接决定着创新型城市的建设水平.企业自主创新能力的竞争优势形成模式是深圳创新型城市的重要来源,是深圳创新型城市自主创新能力持续提升的核心和基础.深圳创新型城市建设的主要经验就是因为初步成功建立起了具有竞争优势的企业自主创新路径与制度安排.