Prevalence of Low-Calorie Sweeteners and Related Front-of-Package Claims in the Brazilian Packaged Food Supply

BackgroundLow-calorie sweeteners (LCSs) are increasingly being used worldwide, including in foods and beverages commonly consumed by children.ObjectiveTo examine the prevalence of LCSs in packaged foods and beverages sold in Brazil, whether LCSs are added to products with advertising directed to children, and whether foods and beverages with LCSs include front-of-package (FoP) LCS-related health and nutrition claims.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingA sample (n = 11,434) of packaged foods and beverages sold by the top 5 largest Brazilian food retailers was examined to identify LCSs and added sugars, and a subsample (n = 3491) was examined to determine the presence of advertising directed to children and FoP LCS-related claims in foods and beverages with LCSs.Main outcome and measuresThe prevalence of foods and beverages with different types of LCSs in the Brazilian food supply, among ultra-processed foods and beverages and among foods and beverages with added sugars, were measured. Foods and beverages with advertising directed to children were checked to see if these products had LCSs and how many products with LCSs had FoP labels with LCS-related claims.Statistical analysesMean and 95% CIs were used to determine the overall prevalence of foods and beverages with LCSs and in the different assessed stratifications.ResultsThe prevalence of LCSs was 9.3% (95% CI 8.8-9.9) in Brazilian packaged foods and beverages, 14.6% (95% CI 13.8-15.4) in ultra-processed products alone, and 5.7% (95% CI 4.2-7.7) in foods and beverages with advertising directed to children. About 83% of food and beverage with LCSs were also sweetened with added sugars. LCSs were most frequently added to nonalcoholic sweetened beverages, breakfast cereals, and granola bars. Forty percent of foods and beverages with LCS did not present any FoP LCS-related claim.ConclusionThis study shows that LCSs are present in 15% of ultra-processed foods and beverages in Brazil, largely used in combination with added sugars, and are found in foods and beverages with advertising directed to children. Clearer FoP information regarding the presence of LCSs, in particular in products with advertising directed to children, can help consumers make more informed choices regarding LCS consumption.     

面口合谷收的形态学基础

目的：探讨合谷穴与口面部联系的形态学基础。方法：采用荧光素单标记和双标记法，将荧光素碘化丙啶（PI）和双苯甲亚胺（Bb)分别注入“合谷”穴区和“四白”穴区，取同侧脊神经节颈1-颈8，胸1-胸2，颈上，中，下交感节及三叉神经半月节，荧光显微镜下观察计数。结果：在脊神经节颈5-颈8观察到大量PI单标记细胞，主要分布于颈6-颈7，在三叉神经半月节也可见大量Bb单标记细胞，另外在三叉神经半月节可见少量PI-Bb以标记细胞，占标记细胞的4.5%。结论：三叉神经半月节有向“合谷”穴和“四白”穴的分支投射，这可能是“面口合谷收”的形态学基础。     

FDA对复方激素类避孕药说明书的要求

美国食品药品管理局（FDA）于2017年12月发布了"复方激素类避孕药说明书指导原则"。该指导原则对这类药物说明书各个项目提出了详细而具体的要求。介绍该指导原则的主要内容,期待对我国这类药物说明书充实内容、补充重要信息和准确反映目前的科学认识水平有所帮助。     

复旦大学附属妇产科医院609份药品说明书中有关妊娠期及哺乳期妇女用药标注调查

目的：了解药品说明书中有关妊娠期及哺乳期妇女用药的标注情况,促进药品说明书规范化管理,为临床安全用药提供参考依据。方法：收集我院调剂药房药品说明书,对有关妊娠期及哺乳期妇女用药标注情况进行统计分析,按照不同分类方法进行比较。结果：所调查的药品说明书中,国产化学药及生物制品有关妊娠期及哺乳期妇女用药标注率分别为95.91％和80.56％,进口药为98.02％和87.13％,国产中成药为68.38％和6.84％。妊娠期及哺乳期妇女用药无明确指导意见的分别占26.11％和49.26％。“权衡利弊”“慎用”及“遵医嘱”等类似表述在用药指导建议中最为常见。结论：药品监管部门、生产企业和医疗卫生机构应重视目前部分药品说明书标注存在的问题,积极采取措施加以改进和完善。     

A revival of Homo loquens as a builder of labeled structures: Neurocognitive considerations

The core capacity of human language is described as the faculty to combine words into hierarchical structures. This review aims to isolate the fundamental computation behind the language faculty together with its neural implementation. First, we present our central hypothesis by confronting recent linguistic theory with evolutionary arguments: linguistic humaniqueness is reflected in the labeling of word combinations forming asymmetric hierarchical structures. Second, we review the neurolinguistic literature, especially focusing on dual-stream connectivity models. We put forward that the dorsal pathway, especially the arcuate fascicle, is responsible for the rule-based combinatorial system, implementing labeling and giving rise to hierarchical structures. Conversely, the ventral stream is rather responsible for semantic associative operations. We further present evolutionary neuroanatomical evidence grounding our hypothesis. We conclude by suggesting further avenues of research as well as open questions to be addressed. With the aim to expand our knowledge on the neurobiology of language, we hope to provide a testable hypothesis for the origin of language syntax bringing together evidence from different fields.     

上海市流通领域预包装食品标签状况调查及对策

[目的]了解上海市流通领域预包装食品标签现状,分析存在的问题,明确监管的方向。[方法]用简单随机抽样方法选取1家区域内超市(大卖场),对卖场内预包装食品整群抽样。于2007年1—5月间对预包装食品标签进行拍照,照片全部输入电脑并使用SPSS 11.5软件进行统计分析。[结果]预包装食品标签总合格率为83.7%。其中预包装普通食品标签的合格率最高,为91.4%,预包装饮料酒标签合格率为84.4%,预包装特殊膳食用食品和预包装保健食品标签合格率稍低,分别为9.0%和15.8%。[结论]上海市流通领域预包装食品标签的监督管理总体上是规范的,但对于预包装特殊膳食用食品和预包装保健食品标签的监管尚待加强。     

口腔癌组织中的Apollon表达及临床意义

目的 探讨Apollon在口腔鳞状细胞癌中的表达及临床意义.方法 应用免疫组织化学方法,检测了53例口腔鳞状细胞癌组织中的Apollon蛋白表达水平.结果 所有病例非癌上皮细胞中的Apollon免疫染色远远弱于癌细胞.新辅助化疗病例化疗后Apollon标记指数显著低于治疗前(t= 1.307,P＜0.05).仅接受手术治疗病例在活检与手术之间Apollon标记指数的变化尽管无显著性,但是标记指数的减少却与预后显著相关(P＜0.05).结论 口腔癌组织中的Apollon表达可能与口腔癌的发生、发展显著相关.口腔癌组织中的Apollon表达变化可能具有预后价值.     

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH): Detection of biotin- and digoxigenin-labeled signals on chromosomes

Summary A laboratory protocol of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on the air-dry chromosome preparation is described. This protocol contains procedures for preparing solutions; probe-labelings with biotin and digoxigenin by means of nick translation, random priming, and polymerase chain reaction; probe-annealing; and signal detection. Uses of solutions are simplified; compositions of each solution are outlined; and, whenever possible, easily accessible materials and supplies are used so that the FISH technique can be applied by all cytogenetic laboratories. Annealed signals at 4–5 kb or over were detectable, and background signals, if any at all, were low. The slides processed for FISH can be used subsequently for conventional chromosome bandings. Therefore, the same slide can be used for both conventional and molecular karyotype studies.     

Motion-surface labeling by orientation, spatial frequency and luminance polarity in 3-D structure-from-motion

A compelling percept of three-dimensionality is attainable from a purely motion-defined simulation of a transparent rotating cylinder, referred to as 3-D structure-from-motion (SFM). Interestingly, subjects rarely perceive reversals of the cylinder's direction of rotation when they are introduced. Treue, Andersen, Ando, and Hildreth (Vision Res. 35 (1995) 139-148) have argued that this reflects the visual system's insensitivity to the textural detail on the cylinder's motion surfaces. We have recently shown however that with cylinders made from oriented micropatterns, motion reversals are perceived when the orientations of the micropatterns are different on the cylinder's front/back surfaces, suggesting that the visual system is sensitive to the type of feature in these stimuli (Vision Res. 39 (1999) 881-886). In the present study we extended this finding by testing for feature-sensitivity along other dimensions besides orientation, specifically spatial frequency, colour and luminance polarity. We found that subjects perceived more rotation direction reversals when the front/back surfaces of the cylinder were segregated, as opposed to non-segregated by feature-type, along all of these dimensions except, notably, colour. We also investigated the stage at which the feature-sensitivity is incorporated in 3-D SFM. We reasoned that if 3-D SFM mechanisms were tuned, or labeled for feature-type, swapping of features during the cylinder's rotation would result in illusory reversals in just the feature-segregated condition, whereas if grouping of like-features preceded the formation of 3-D motion surfaces, no such illusory reversals would be expected. We found that feature-swapping resulted in more illusory reversals in the feature-segregated compared to non-segregated conditions, supporting the mechanism tuning, or labeling, hypothesis.