平时罕见,特殊情况下发生的几种伤病

一些损伤和疾病平时罕见，特殊情况下可以发生，造成严重危害。特殊情况主要包括严重事故、灾害、战争、恐怖主义活动以及特殊环境与特殊作业的危害等。本阐述了现代战争中发生的贫铀武器伤害、燃料空气炸弹伤害、微波武器伤害和战时精神疾病；可能源于恐怖主义活动的炭疽、天花；严重事故性伤害中的核事故、化学事故和煤矿事故伤害；严重灾害中的地震、海难(海战)落海伤害。中介绍了这些伤病的发生情况、伤害特点与医学救治。     

Chronic exposure by ingestion of environmentally relevant doses of 226Ra leads to transient growth perturbations in fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas,Rafinesque, 1820)

Abstract

Purpose: To assess the impact of environmentally relevant levels of ingested ²²⁶Ra on a common freshwater fish species.

Methods: Fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas, Rafinesque) were obtained at the first feeding stage and established on a commercial fish food diet containing ²²⁶Ra in the activity range 10 mBq/g^?1, –10,000 mBq/g^?1. They remained on this diet for 24 months and were sampled invasively at 1,6,18 and 24 months to assess growth, biochemical indices and accumulated dose and non-invasively also at 12 and 15 months to assess growth.

Results: Fish fed 10 and 100 mBq/g^?1 diet showed a small transitory deregulation of growth at 6 and 12 months. Fish fed higher activities showed less significant or insignificant effects. There was a trend at 18 months which was stronger at 24 months for the population distribution to change in all of the ²²⁶Ra fed groups so that smaller fish were smaller and bigger fish were bigger than the controls. There were also significant differences in the ratios of protein:DNA at 24 months which were seen as a trend but were not significant at earlier time points.

Conclusions: Fish fed a radium diet for 2 years show a small and transitory growth dysregulation at 6 and 12 months. The effects predominate at the lower activities suggesting hormetic or homeostatic adjustments. There was no effect on growth of exposure to the high activities ²²⁶Ra. This suggests that radium does not have a serious impact on the ecology of the system and the level of radium that would be transferred to humans is very low. The results may be important in the assessment of long-term environmental impacts of ²²⁶Ra exposure.     

对工作场所F类铀化合物空气浓度限值的推导探讨

目的 从辐射和化学危害角度分别推算F类铀化合物导出空气浓度,为工作场所职业危害因素的管理与评价提供参考.方法 用模拟计算的方法,分别推算F类铀化合物达到个人年剂量限值、急慢性机体损害效应阈值时工作场所的空气浓度.结果 正常运行情况下,将工作场所空气中F类铀化合物浓度控制在5 μg/m³以内,可以满足辐射危害和化学危害控制的要求;短时间开放性接触时,控制在1.1 mg/m³是可以接受的.结论 制定F类铀化合物空气浓度限值是可行的.     

Impulse oscillometry measurement of distal airways obstruction in depleted uranium‐exposed Gulf War veterans

Introduction

A cohort of Gulf War I veterans who sustained exposure to depleted uranium undergoes biennial surveillance for potential uranium‐related health effects. We performed impulse oscillometry and hypothesized that veterans with higher uranium body burdens would have more obstructive abnormalities than those with lower burdens.

Methods

We compared pulmonary function of veterans in high versus low urine uranium groups by evaluating spirometry and oscillometry values.

Results

Overall mean spirometry and oscillometry resistance values fell within the normal ranges. There were no significant differences between the high and low uranium groups for any parameters. However, more veterans were classified as having obstruction by oscillometry (42%) than spirometry (8%).

Conclusions

While oscillometry identified more veterans as obstructed, obstruction was not uranium‐related. However, the added sensitivity of this method implies a benefit in wider surveillance of exposed cohorts and holds promise in identifying abnormalities in areas of the lung historically described as silent.

     

Uranium induces apoptosis and is genotoxic to normal rat kidney (NRK-52E) proximal cells.

Uranium (U) is a heavy metal used in the nuclear industry and for military applications. U compounds are toxic. Their toxicity is mediated either by their radioactivity or their chemical properties. Mammalian kidneys and bones are the main organs affected by U toxicity. Although the most characteristic response to U exposure is renal dysfunction, little information is available on the mechanisms of its toxicity at the molecular level. This report studied the genotoxicity of U. Apoptosis induction in normal rat kidney (NRK-52(E)) proximal cells was investigated as a function of exposure time or concentrations (0-800microM). In parallel, DNA damage was evaluated by several methods. In order to distinguish between the intrinsic and the extrinsic pathways of apoptosis, caspases-8, -9, -10 assays were conducted and the mitochondrial membrane potential was measured. Three methods were selected for their complementarities in the detection of genetic lesions. The comet assay was used for the detection of primary lesions of DNA. gamma-H2AX immunostaining was achieved to detect DNA double-strand breaks. The micronucleus assay was used to detect chromosomic breaks or losses. DNA damage and apoptosis were observed in a concentration-dependent manner. This study demonstrated that U is genotoxic from 300microM and induces caspase-dependent apoptosis cell death from 200microM mainly through the intrinsic pathway in NRK-52(E) cells. These results suggest that the DNA damage caused by U is reversible at low concentration (200-400microM) but becomes irreversible and leads to cell death for higher concentrations (500-800microM).     

贫铀对体外培养成骨细胞的毒性作用

[目的]研究贫铀(depleted uranium,DU)对体外培养大鼠成骨细胞(osteoblast,OB)的毒性损伤作用,为DU对骨损伤防治提供依据。[方法]分离并培养原代成骨细胞,分别给予不同浓度(0.00195～0.0312mg/ml)的DU溶液,噻唑蓝(MTT)法检测细胞增殖率以观察DU对OB增殖的影响;对硝基苯磷酸二钠盐(PNPP)法测定细胞裂解液中碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性以观察DU对OB分化能力的影响;矿化结节形成能力和面积测定以观察DU对OB矿化能力的影响。[结果]DU处理组OB增殖率、ALP活性均呈不同程度降低,且随着DU染毒剂量的增加和时间的延长,DU对OB增殖率和ALP活性的抑制作用更加明显,其中0.0078、0.0156、0.0312mg/ml等染毒剂量组与正常对照组相比,差异有统计学意义(JP<0.01)。此外,DU可明显抑制OB矿化结节形成能力,0.0039、0.0078mg/ml剂量组与对照组相比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。[结论]DU在体外可以抑制OB增殖、分化和矿化能力,对OB的骨形成能力有明显抑制作用。     

Depleted uranium--the growing concern

Recently, several studies have reported on the health and environmental consequences of the use of depleted uranium. Depleted uranium is a heavy metal that is also radioactive. It is commonly used in missiles as a counterweight because of its very high density (1.6 times more than lead). Immediate health risks associated with exposure to depleted uranium include kidney and respiratory problems, with conditions such as kidney stones, chronic cough and severe dermatitis. Long-term risks include lung and bone cancer. Several published reports implicated exposure to depleted uranium in kidney damage, mutagenicity, cancer, inhibition of bone, neurological deficits, significant decrease in the pregnancy rate in mice and adverse effects on the reproductive and central nervous systems. Acute poisoning with depleted uranium elicited renal failure that could lead to death. The environmental consequences of its residue will be felt for thousands of years. It is inhaled and passed through the skin and eyes, transferred through the placenta into the fetus, distributed into tissues and eliminated in urine. The use of depleted uranium during the Gulf and Kosovo Wars and the crash of a Boeing airplane carrying depleted uranium in Amsterdam in 1992 were implicated in a health concern related to exposure to depleted uranium.     

Uranium and other natural radionuclides in drinking water and risk of leukemia: a case-cohort study in Finland

Objective: We assessed the effect of natural uranium and other radionuclides in drinking water on risk of leukemia. Methods: The subjects (n = 144,627) in the base cohort had lived outside the municipal tapwater system during 1967–1980. A subcohort was formed as a stratified random sample of the base cohort and subjects using drinking water from drilled wells prior to 1981 were identified. A case–cohort design was used comparing exposure among cases with leukemia (n = 35) with a stratified random sample (n = 274) from the subcohort. Activity concentrations of uranium, radium-226, and radon in the drinking water were analyzed using radiochemical and alpha-spectrometric methods. Results: The median activity concentration of uranium in well water was 0.08 Bq/L for the leukemia cases and 0.06 Bq/L for the reference group, radon concentrations 80 and 130 Bq/L, respectively, and radium-226 concentrations 0.01 Bq/L for both groups. The hazard ratio of leukemia for uranium was 0.91 (95% confidence interval 0.73–1.13) per Bq/L, for radon 0.79 per Bq/L (95% CI 0.27–2.29), and for radium-226 0.80 (95% CI 0.46–1.39) per Bq/L. Conclusions: Our results do not indicate an increased risk of leukemia from ingestion of natural uranium or other radionuclides through drinking water at these exposure levels.     

长期接触贫铀对大鼠遗传毒性的初步研究

目的研究贫铀植入/摄入3个月后对大鼠的毒性作用.方法观察大鼠精子畸形率,骨髓微核率的改变,睾丸的超微结构和病理形态学改变以及采用显性致死突变试验观察贫铀对大鼠的生殖毒性.结果植入/摄入贫铀后大鼠精子畸形率和微核率均有增加,睾丸超微结构均有不同程度的改变,而病理形态学观察则未见显著影响.植入组大鼠受孕率明显低于对照组.结论贫铀长时间暴露可对大鼠产生生殖毒性损害以及超微结构的损伤.     

贫铀诱发细胞超微结构改变及DMSO的保护作用

目的观察贫铀(DU)对体外培养的人支气管上皮细胞超微结构的影响及二甲基亚砜(DMSO)的保护作用。方法DU作用人支气管上皮细胞(BEAS-2B)24 h后,用荧光染色法检测细胞存活率、坏死率和凋亡率,用透射电子显微镜(TEM)观察细胞超微结构改变。结果荧光显微分析表明,DU作用后,存活细胞数明显减少,凋亡和坏死细胞数显著增高,而DMSO对DU诱发的细胞凋亡和坏死有明显的保护作用。TEM显示,正常细胞和DMSO对照细胞整体形态、核质比例、各种细胞器及细胞骨架均结构清晰;DU处理的细胞,无论细胞内、外有无贫铀颗粒,均见细胞不同程度的凋亡或坏死,正常细胞结构改变或消失,特别是细胞内或外有DU颗粒的细胞,膜性细胞器改变明显,其他细胞器也观察到结构不清或空泡化;DMSO+DU组,即使细胞内外有贫铀分布,各种细胞器结构的改变也明显减轻,观察到有些线粒体、内质网等膜性结构发生膨胀,但细胞整体结构仍较清晰。结论DU可诱发细胞凋亡和坏死,并导致细胞超微结构改变,DMSO对DU所致细胞损伤有明显的保护效果。