After the handover: Exploring MSF’s role in the provision of health care to migrant farm workers in Musina,South Africa

ABSTRACT

Non-state actors, including humanitarian agencies, play a prominent role in providing health care in low- and middle-income countries. Between 2007 and 2009, Musina, a South African municipality bordering Zimbabwe, became the site of several interventions by non-state organisations as an unprecedented number of Zimbabweans crossed the border, putting strain on already burdened local systems. After the initial need for humanitarian relief dissipated, organisations started to implement projects that were more developmental in nature. For example, Médecins sans Frontières developed a mobile clinic programme to improve health care access for migrant farm workers, a programme that was subsequently integrated into the Department of Health. Since the handover of the programme, it has faced multiple challenges. Using qualitative methodology and a case study approach, this paper traces the development of the programme, exploring the changing relationship between MSF and the state during this time. This research raises questions about the implications of short-term ‘innovative’ interventions targeting the access that migrants have to care, within a context in which policy and programmatic responses to health are not migration aware. Furthermore, it highlights the ways in which the energies and resources of local DoH employees were redirected by MSF's involvement in the area.     

磷脂酰肌醇-3-羟基激酶抑制剂LY294002对肝细胞生长因子促人结肠癌细胞SW620增殖和迁移行为的影响

目的探讨磷脂酰肌醇-3-羟基激酶(PI3K)抑制剂LYZ94002在肝细胞生长因子(HGF)促进结肠癌细胞SW620增殖、侵袭中所起的作用。方法分别用噻唑蓝比色法(MTT)、流式细胞术及划痕实验检测结肠癌细胞增殖、细胞周期、凋亡及移行情况。结果 (1)MTT法结果显示,LY294002≥20μmol/L实验组与对照组吸光度(OD)值比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。(2)流式细胞术结果显示,LY294002≥20μmol/L实验组与对照组凋亡率及增殖指数比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。(3)划痕实验结果显示,LY294002≥40μmol/L实验组与对照组移行距离比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 PI3K信号通路抑制剂能够阻断HGF对人结肠癌细胞增殖、凋亡、移行的促进作用。     

环状RNA hsa_circ_0050900在乳腺癌中的表达及其对细胞生物学行为影响的机制研究

背景与目的：环状RNA（circular RNA，circRNA）作为特殊的非编码RNA，一般在体内低表达，且不易被RNA酶降解，结构与表达稳定。随着测序技术的进步，目前发现多种肿瘤的发生、发展与circRNA有关。但未见乳腺癌的发生、发展与hsa_circ_0050900的异常表达相关的报道。探究乳腺癌组织中hsa_circ_0050900的表达以及其影响乳腺癌细胞生物学行为的机制。方法：选取在重庆医科大学附属第一医院经手术切除的4例女性乳腺癌组织及对应的癌旁组织，采用RNA测序（RNA sequencing，RNA-seq）进行测序分析，并运用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应（real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction，RTFQ-PCR）验证乳腺癌中hsa_circ_0050900的表达，其中包括30例乳腺癌组织及其癌旁组织（在重庆医科大学附属第一医院经手术切除），正常人乳腺上皮细胞系即对照组细胞MCF-10A以及两种乳腺癌细胞系MCF-7、SK-BR-3。通过RTFQ-PCR验证乳腺癌细胞中hsa_circ_0050900被敲低后的表达水平；分别运用细胞计数试剂盒（cell counting kit-8，CCK-8）实验和EdU实验、细胞划痕实验、transwell实验验证细胞的增殖、迁移功能；细胞凋亡的检测采用TUNEL一步法；Hoechst 33342实验通过对细胞核染色确定细胞的状态以检测细胞凋亡；细胞周期蛋白D2（cyclin D2，CCND2）和周期蛋白依赖性激酶4（cyclin-dependent kinase 4，CDK4）的表达采用蛋白质印迹法（Western blot）检测。结果：根据测序结果，挑选出在乳腺癌和细胞中明显高表达的circRNA hsa_circ_0050900；构建的si-circ质粒可显著降低hsa_circ_0050900在乳腺癌细胞中的表达，转染si-circ的细胞增殖能力降低，并促进细胞凋亡，且降低细胞周期相关蛋白CCND2、CDK4的表达。结论：circRNA hsa_circ_0050900在乳腺癌组织中的表达显著高于癌旁组织，敲低hsa_circ_0050900对细胞增殖、迁移能力、细胞凋亡及细胞周期有调控作用。     

微小RNA?224对口腔鳞状细胞癌细胞侵袭迁移和KLLN表达的影响

目的探讨微小RNA-224(miR-224)对口腔鳞状细胞癌(OSCC)细胞侵袭迁移和KLLN表达的影响。方法采用实时定量PCR(QPCR)检测正常口腔上皮细胞HOK和OSCC细胞(CAL-27、TSCCa和Tca8113)的miR-224水平,脂质体法向CAL-27细胞转染miR-224模拟物(Mimics组)或阴性对照序列(NC组),另以仅脂质体处理的细胞为对照组,活细胞计数(CCK-8)法、Transwell小室实验和划痕实验评估细胞增殖、侵袭和迁移能力,Western blotting检测KLLN、基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)-2和MMP-9的水平,双荧光素酶报告基因实验验证miR-224对KLLN的靶向调控作用。结果QPCR结果显示,OSCC细胞的miR-224水平较HOK细胞下调(P<0.05),其中CAL-27细胞的miR-224水平最低。Mimics组的miR-224水平为12.325±1.250,高于对照组的1.003±0.058和NC组的1.029±0.072(P<0.05);Mimics组转染24、48 h后的增殖活力低于对照组和NC组(P<0.05);Mimics组的划痕愈合率和穿膜细胞数分别为(23.161±3.609)%和(187.977±19.644)个,低于对照组的(47.372±4.717)%和(352.429±28.372)个及NC组的(45.094±5.651)%和(187.977±19.644)个,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);Mimics组的KLLN、MMP-2和MMP-9水平低于对照组和NC组(P<0.05)。对照组和NC组上述指标的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。MiR-224模拟物对载有突变型KLLN细胞的荧光素酶活性不产生影响,而抑制了野生型KLLN细胞的荧光素酶活性(P<0.05)。结论OSCC细胞的miR-224水平降低且上调miR-224可能通过靶向KLLN来抑制OSCC细胞的迁移侵袭,该miRNA有望成为OSCC的预后生物标志物和治疗靶点。     

Long non-coding RNA GAS5 inhibits migration and invasion in gastric cancer via interacting with p53 protein

BackgroundThe rapid progress of gastric cancer (GC) is mainly due to metastasis. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) GAS5 has been identified as a tumor suppressor in numerous cancers, and its downregulation in GC has already been reported.AimsIn this study, we planned to investigate the role of GAS5 in GC metastasis.MethodsGene expressions were detected by qRT-PCR. ISH staining was applied to assess GAS5 level in clinical tissues. Gain-of-function assays were conducted to evaluate the function of GAS5 in GC metastasis. RNA pull down, RIP and cycloheximide assays were performed to confirm the relationship between GAS5 and p53 protein.ResultsGAS5 expression was markedly decreased in GC tissues and cell lines, and its low expression was strongly related to GC metastasis and unsatisfactory prognosis. GAS5 overexpression repressed GC cell migration and invasion by targeting p53. Intriguingly, GAS5 relied on the exon 12 to interact with and stabilize p53 protein.ConclusionOur data implied that GAS5 is a suppressor in GC metastasis via modulating p53 signaling, suggesting GAS5 as a potential therapeutic target for GC, especially for patients with metastasis.     

尼古丁对舌鳞状细胞癌Cal27细胞的生物学影响

目的 探讨吸烟对舌鳞癌患者Cal27细胞系的影响。方法 将舌鳞癌Cal27细胞传代培养,将对数生长期细胞分为空白对照组、尼古丁组及 7型烟碱乙酰胆碱受体（ 7nAChR）抑制组。空白对照组不作任何处理,尼古丁组用尼古丁连续处理细胞1周, 7nAChR抑制组给予尼古丁及 7nAChR抑制剂α-银环蛇毒素（ -BTX）处理细胞1周。采用电子显微镜观察空白对照组及尼古丁组细胞形态;采用CCK-8试剂盒检测空白对照组及尼古丁组细胞增殖力;细胞划痕实验检测空白对照组及尼古丁组细胞迁移能力;Transwell小室检测空白对照组及尼古丁组细胞侵袭能力;免疫印迹实验测定尼古丁组、空白对照组及 7nAChR抑制组细胞Wnt信号通路蛋白相对表达水平。采用SPSS 20.0软件包对数据进行统计学分析。结果 Cal27细胞形态为不规则多角形,体积较大,周围可见伪足伸展,在细胞培养基上呈铺路石样排列。空白对照组、尼古丁组及 7nAChR抑制组Cal27细胞形态无显著差异。孵育96 h后,尼古丁组细胞数显著大于空白对照组及 7nAChR抑制组（P<0.05）;相同时间内尼古丁组细胞划痕愈合程度显著大于空白对照组与 7nAChR抑制组（P<0.05）;相同时间内,尼古丁组穿过小室细胞数显著大于空白对照组及 7nAChR抑制组（P<0.05）;尼古丁组细胞β-catenin、c-Myc、p-GSK3β及Ror2等Wnt通路蛋白相对表达水平显著高于空白对照组及 7nAChR抑制组细胞（P<0.05）。结论 尼古丁可通过激活Wnt信号通路,提高舌鳞癌Cal27细胞增殖、迁移及侵袭能力。     

Determinants of Dietary Choice in the US: Evidence from Consumer Migration

I study the evolution of the quality of grocery purchases among migrants to learn how changes in the environment affect dietary choice. Using detailed household level panel data on food purchases I find that healthfulness of grocery purchases is very persistent in the short-run. Three to four decades after moving, however, households have closed about half of the gap in healthfulness between the origin and destination area. The results suggest that dietary habits are highly persistent, but may eventually shift in the face of different local environments.