Developing an international standard for the classification of surface anatomic location for use in clinical practice and epidemiologic research

1. Download : Download high-res image (305KB)
2. Download : Download full-size image

     

Different EEG topographic effects of painful and non-painful intramuscular stimulation in man

To clarify the specific effects of muscle pain on electroencephalogram (EEG) activation in man, painful and non-painful sensations were produced by intramuscular injections of capsaicin and vehicle solution in the left brachioradialis muscle, with identical procedures in 15 male volunteers. Thirty-one channel EEG data acquired before, during and after the two injections were analysed and compared in respect of topography and power spectrum. Although the painful and non-painful muscular stimulations evoked similar EEG topographic patterns, statistics demonstrated that distinct EEG activation over different areas of the head were induced by the painful and non-painful stimulation compared with the baselines. The decreases in theta and alpha-1 (8-10.5 Hz) activity in central and posterior parietal parts were evoked by non-painful stimulation, but the decreases in alpha-1 and alpha-2 (11-13.5 Hz) activities in the posterior part of the head were induced by painful stimulation. The alpha-2 activity augmented during the waning pain following a decrease in the overt pain. Comparing the EEG changes between baseline, non-painful and painful stimulations as well as waning pain, we found that the increase in beta-2 activity during muscle pain was significant over the extensive areas of the head, whereas a significant increase in alpha-2 activity took place at the posterior part of the head during waning pain following a marked decrease in overt pain. These results may imply that the painful and non-painful muscular stimulations evoke distinct EEG activation in different neural networks of the human brain and the intensity of nociceptive input from muscle may encode the variety of topographic EEG changes.     

tDCS-induced modulation of GABA concentration and dopamine release in the human brain: A combination study of magnetic resonance spectroscopy and positron emission tomography

BackgroundTranscranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) hypothetically modulates cognitive functions by facilitating or inhibiting neuronal activities chiefly in the cerebral cortex. The effect of tDCS in the deeper brain region, the basal ganglia-cortical circuit, remains unknown.ObjectiveTo investigate the interaction between γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentrations and dopamine release following tDCS.MethodThis study used a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover design. Seventeen healthy male subjects underwent active and sham tDCS (13 min twice at an interval of 20 min) with the anode placed at the left DLPFC and the cathode at the right DLPFC, followed by examinations with [¹¹C]-raclopride positron emission topography (PET) and GABA-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). MRS voxels were set in the left DLPFC and bilateral striata. Paired t-tests and regression analyses were performed for PET and MRS parameters.ResultsMRS data analyses showed elevations in GABA in the left striatum along with moderate reductions in the right striatum and the left DLPFC after active tDCS. PET data analyses showed that reductions in [¹¹C]-raclopride binding potentials (increase in dopamine release) in the right striatum were inversely correlated with those in the left striatum after active tDCS. GABA reductions in the left DLPFC positively correlated with elevations in GABA in the left striatum and with increases in right striatal dopamine release and negatively correlated with increases in left striatal dopamine release.ConclusionThe present results suggest that tDCS to the DLPFC modulates dopamine-GABA functions in the basal ganglia-cortical circuit.     

2种长度切口MSICS联合IOL植入术的角膜地形图分析

目的探讨2种长度切口对手法小切口白内障摘除联合人工晶状体植入术（manual small incisioncataract surgery with intra-ocular lens implantation,MSICS＋IOL）后角膜地形图的影响。方法将拟行MSICS＋IOL的患者89例89只眼（核硬度Ⅳ~Ⅴ级）分为2组,A组45只眼核硬度Ⅳ级,B组44只眼核硬度Ⅴ级,分别行5.5 mm、6.5 mm巩膜隧道切口的MSICS＋IOL,用角膜地形图仪观察手术前、手术后1周及1个月时的角膜形态变化。结果术后1周及1个月时,B组角膜表面散光值（cylinder,CYL）、平均角膜曲率（average cornealpower,ACP）值均大于A组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;术后1周,B组角膜表面非对称指数（surface asym-metry index,SAI）较A组增加,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,术后1个月时则与A组大致相同（P〉0.05）;2组术后1周、1个月的角膜表面规则指数（surface regularity index,SRI）差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论切口长度为5.5 mm的MSICS＋IOL手术较6.5 mm对术后早期角膜散光影响小;切口长度为5.5 mm的MSICS＋IOL手术和6.5 mm长度切口者对术后早期角膜的规则性影响相似。     

Retinal cone photoreceptor distribution in the American black bear (Ursus americanus)

The distribution of cone photoreceptor subtypes (important for color vision and vision quality) varies widely in different carnivore species, but there have been limited studies on bear (ursid) cone distribution. A previous behavioral study suggests that American black bears (Ursus americanus) are dichromatic, indicating that they possess two cone subtypes, although the retinal distribution of cones is unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine the subtype and topography of cones in American black bear retinas to further predict the nature of their color vision and image resolution. We studied 10 eyes from seven individual legally hunted black bears in northeastern North Carolina. Cryosections and retinal wholemounts were labeled using antibodies targeting two cone opsin subtypes: long/medium (L/M) wavelength sensitive and short (S) wavelength sensitive. Cones in fluorescent microscopy images were counted and density maps were created for retinal wholemounts. The black bear retina contains both cone subtypes and L/M cones outnumber S cones by at least 3:1, a finding confirmed in retinal frozen sections. There are higher concentrations of S cones present than typically seen in other carnivores with some evidence for co-expression of L/M and S cones. A cone-dense area centralis is present dorsotemporal to the optic nerve, similar to other carnivores. These results confirm that American black bears are predicted to have a dichromatic vision with high acuity indicated by the presence of a dorsotemporally located area centralis.     

角膜地形图引导下不同部位角膜切口白内障超声乳化术后角膜散光分析

目的比较角膜地形图引导下不同部位透明角膜切口白内障超声乳化术后散光情况。方法选择行透明角膜切口超声乳化白内障吸除联合人工晶状体植入术的年龄相关性白内障患者198例（231例）为研究对象,分成A、B、C 3组,A组选择在上方11点位透明角膜切口,B组选择在颞侧透明角膜切口,C组选择在角膜最大曲率子午线上透明角膜切口,分别于术前,术后1周、1个月及3个月随访,行视力及角膜地形图检查,记录并比较3组术后视力及角膜散光的变化情况。结果术后3个月时C组裸眼视力≥1.0者多于A组和B组（P〈0.05）;C组患者术后3个月与术前相比,散光度明显减小（P〈0.05）;C组分别与A组、B组相比,术后1周、1个月及3个月时的散光度均明显减小（P〈0.05）;术后3个月平均手术源性角膜散光度（SIA）,C组最小。结论角膜地形图引导下位于角膜最大曲率子午线上透明角膜切口有助于减小术前及术后散光,术后获得较好的裸眼视力。     

The cutting edge in esophageal physiology testing: equipment, uses, and analysis

Advancements in foregut diagnostic technologies have led to improvements in the esophagologist's ability to accurately diagnose and classify esophageal pathophysiology and increased patient satisfaction and compliance in undergoing testing. The esophageal surgeon's ability to bring about a successful outcome is dependent on the proper application and interpretation of these diagnostic modalities. The ability to reliably and consistently differentiate foregut disorders from other potential contributors is an essential ingredient in assuring appropriate therapy and predicting success. The physician or surgeon treating esophageal disorders is well advised to keep abreast of ongoing advancements and to implement them into their diagnostic armamentarium.     

基于地形因子的白术生态适宜性区划研究

通过对白术中白术内酯类成分含量与地形因子之间的相关性研究,对白术在全国主产区5省份的地形适宜性进行区划研究,为开展白术种植的合理区域选取提供科学的依据。在对全国5省份40个产地白术实地采样的基础上,应用统计分析方法,全面分析了不同地形因子条件下白术内酯类成分含量的变异,海拔、坡度、坡向对白术内酯类成分含量的影响。并应用空间技术,依据白术内酯类成分与地形因子之间的关系,进行了基于地形因子的白术生态适宜性区划。在我国南方丘陵地区和山区适宜白术生长,白术内酯类成分含量较高,北方平原地区区域内地形条件不适宜白术的生长,但可以将白术种植在区域内地形条件适宜白术的生长的丘陵和山区地带。最适宜白术内酯类成分积累的地形条件为海拔(200 m以上),坡度(3.00~4.99°)。     

维吾尔族与汉族大学生正视眼生物学测量的对比分析

目的：观察维吾尔族与汉族大学生正视眼的角膜中央厚度、前房深度、角膜前后表面曲率的差异性,并分析角膜厚度与角膜前后曲率是否有相关性。
　　方法：对新疆医科大学一年级500多名学生进行近视眼筛查,选取正视眼的汉族学生56名和维吾尔族学生51名。应用Sirius角膜地形图对其进行测量。
　　结果：维吾尔族与汉族大学生角膜中央厚度(维：0.53±0.03mm,汉：0.54±0.03mm )、前房深度(维：2.91±0.26mm,汉：3.14±0.25mm)、角膜后表面曲率K2(维：-6.30±0.23D,汉：-6.38±0.28D)有显著性差异(P<0.05)。角膜前表面曲率( K1、K2)及角膜后表面曲率K1无显著性差异(P>0.05)。汉族角膜厚度与角膜前曲率无相关性(r<0),与角膜后曲率亦无相关性(r<1)。维吾尔族角膜厚度与角膜前曲率无相关性(r<0),与角膜后曲率亦无相关性(r<1)。
　　结论：维吾尔族与汉族大学生正视眼的生物学测量指标中,角膜厚度、前房深度及角膜后表面曲率( K2)是有差异的。汉族、维吾尔族的角膜厚度与角膜前、后曲率无明显相关性。     

Response to marijuana as a function of potency and breathhold duration

The present study examined the effects of systematic manipulation of breathhold duration (0 and 20 s) on the physiological and subjective response to active (M; 2.3% delta-9-THC) and placebo (P; 0.0% delta-9-THC) marijuana in a group of ten regular marijuana smokers. During the eight-session experiment, subjects were exposed twice to each of four experimental conditions (P0, P20, M0, M20), scheduled according to a randomized block design. A controlled smoking procedure was used in which the number of puffs and puff volume were held constant. Expired-air carbon monoxide (CO) levels were used to monitor smoke intake. Breathhold duration affected CO absorption; significantly more CO was absorbed from both P and M smoke after 20 s of breathholding (mean CO boost=6.9 ppm) than after no breathholding (mean=4.4 ppm). Heart rate was minimally affected by the breathhold manipulation. Effects of marijuana on mood were not consistently affected by breathhold duration. The results confirm previous findings that prolonged breathholding does not substantially enhance the effects of inhaled marijuana smoke.