硫辛酸对MPTP诱导的小鼠帕金森病模型的神经保护作用

目的:探讨α-硫辛酸(alpha-lipoic acid,ALA)在1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶(1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine,MPTP)诱导的小鼠帕金森病(Parkinson disease,PD)模型中的神经保护作用。方法:建立MPTP诱导的PD小鼠模型后,通过旷场实验、悬绳实验和转棒实验评估ALA对PD小鼠运动缺陷的影响;通过免疫组化检测ALA对PD小鼠黑质和纹状体多巴胺能神经元的影响;通过高效液相色谱检测ALA对PD小鼠纹状体多巴胺(dopamine,DA)及其代谢产物3,4-二羟基苯乙酸(3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid,DOPAC)释放的影响;通过免疫荧光检测ALA对PD小鼠黑质中小胶质细胞活化以及小胶质细胞中诱导型一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase,iNOS)表达的影响;通过Western blot检测ALA对PD小鼠纹状体中酪氨酸羟化酶(tyrosine hydroxylase,TH)和促炎分子白细胞介素1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)和环氧合酶2(cyclooxygenase-2,COX-2)表达的影响。结果:行为学实验结果显示,ALA治疗显著增加PD小鼠总移动距离、平均运动速度和悬线实验评分(P<0.05),显著降低转棒实验的下落潜伏期(P<0.01)。免疫组化结果显示,ALA治疗显著增加黑质和纹状体中TH的表达水平(P<0.01)。高效液相色谱结果显示,ALA治疗显著增加纹状体DA和DOPAC的释放水平(P<0.01)。免疫荧光结果显示,ALA治疗显著降低黑质中小胶质细胞的活化和小胶质细胞的iNOS阳性细胞数(P<0.01)。Western blot结果显示,ALA治疗显著增加纹状体中TH的表达,显著降低IL-1β、TNF-α和COX-2表达(P<0.01)。结论:ALA在MPTP诱导的PD小鼠中发挥神经保护作用,能降低小胶质细胞活化,减轻多巴胺能神经元损伤、神经炎症和运动缺陷。     

鱼藤酮对小鼠小胶质细胞 BV-2存活率及一氧化氮含量的影响

目的：研究鱼藤酮对小鼠小胶质细胞BV-2存活率及一氧化氮含量的影响。方法 BV-2细胞以5×10^7/L密度接种到细胞培养板中,分别加入鱼藤酮0、1×10^-11、1×10^-10、1×10^-9、1×10^-8、1×10^-7、1×10^-6、1×10^-5 mol/L后0、6、12、24、48、72 h等测定细胞存活率。另以1×10^-8 mol/L鱼藤酮干预BV-2细胞48 h,测定上清液中超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、总巯基、超氧阴离子和NO含量并与未给予鱼藤酮干预的对照组比较。结果5×10^7/L BV-2细胞于0、6、12、24、48、72 h细胞增殖活力分别为0．035±0．001、0．132±0．006、0．334±0．017、1．073±0．044、2．272±0．172、0．776±0．032,可见48 h达到细胞生长曲线的峰值。鱼藤酮（1×10^-6 mol/L ）干预 BV-2细胞24、48、72 h 细胞存活率分别降低至（63．4±10．1）％、（51．7±12．2）％、（33．9±11．2）％;鱼藤酮（1×10^-7 mol/L）干预BV-2细胞72 h细胞存活率降低至（50．8±2．9）％。1×10^-8 mol/L 鱼藤酮干预48 h 后 BV-2细胞上清液一氧化氮水平达（27．6±6．2）μmol/L,明显高于对照组的（13．3±2．5）μmol/L （t＝-2．135, P＝0．044）。结论鱼藤酮在一定浓度范围内可激活小胶质细胞,但是超出此浓度范围时则可能导致小胶质细胞存活率降低。     

CORM-3介导小胶质细胞ICAM-1抑制放射性脑损伤炎症反应

目的本研究旨在探讨水溶性一氧化碳分子释放剂(CORM-3)对放射性脑损伤炎症反应的影响及其分子机制。方法 BV2系小胶质细胞,随机分为正常对照组、单纯照射组和照射加CORM干预组,通过ELISA法测定各组照射后24 h炎症因子TNF-α、IL-1β的表达情况;采用免疫荧光法判断各组小胶质细胞激活形态,TUNEL染色比较各组共培养后原代神经元凋亡情况,并用Western blot法检测P38 MAPK通路对CORM干预放射后细胞间黏附分子1(ICAM-1)蛋白表达的影响。结果 BV2细胞放射后24 h TNF-α、IL-1β表达明显增高;CORM-3可减轻放射后小胶质细胞活化程度及炎症表达,降低了放射后TUNEL阳性细胞百分比;CORM-3抑制了放射后BV2细胞磷酸化P38及ICAM-1蛋白的表达增加,而P38抑制剂进一步下调放射后BV2细胞ICAM-1的表达。结论 CORM-3通过P38 MAPK-ICAM-1通路抑制内源性小胶质细胞活化和外源性白细胞趋化的双重调控方式改善放射后脑损伤炎症反应,进而减轻放射后炎症所致神经元损伤,这为改善鼻咽癌放疗后脑损伤的治疗提供了有潜在前景的新途径。     

氧葡萄糖剥夺-再恢复后抑制小胶质细胞TLR9激活对神经元的保护作用

目的:观察氧葡萄糖剥夺-再恢复(OGDR)后小胶质细胞BV-2 Toll样受体9(TLR9)激活对神经元凋亡的影响。方法:对BV-2细胞或TLR9-siRNA转染的BV-2细胞进行OGDR处理4 h后,将细胞上清添加至OGDR处理4 h的小鼠原代皮层神经元中,继续正常培养24 h后,倒置显微镜下观察神经元形态变化,TUNEL染色检测神经元凋亡,Western blotting检测神经元caspase-3蛋白的表达。实验分为正常BV-2组、negative control-siRNA组、TLR9-siRNA组、OGDR组、OGDR+NC-siRNA组、OGDR+TLR9-siRNA组和对照组(神经元OGDR后不添加BV-2细胞上清)。结果:OGDR后神经元胞体肿胀,折光性下降,出现空泡样变,轴突变细、扭曲、断裂。TUNEL染色各组均可见绿染凋亡小体。与对照组比较,其它组的caspase-3蛋白表达升高(P0.05);与正常BV-2组比较,OGDR组和TLR9-siRNA组的caspase-3蛋白表达升高(P0.05);OGDR+TLR9-siRNA转染组与TLR9-siRNA转染组和OGDR组比较,caspase-3蛋白表达下降(P0.05)。结论:OGDR后BV-2细胞TLR9激活致神经元凋亡增多,caspase-3蛋白表达升高;抑制TLR9表达后,神经元损伤减轻。     

Stress sounds the alarmin: The role of the danger-associated molecular pattern HMGB1 in stress-induced neuroinflammatory priming

High mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) is an endogenous danger signal or alarmin that mediates activation of the innate immune response including chemotaxis and pro-inflammatory cytokine release. HMGB1 has been implicated in the pathophysiology of several neuroinflammatory conditions including ischemia, traumatic brain injury, seizure and chronic ethanol use. In the present review, the unique structural and functional properties of HMGB1 will be explored including its affinity for multiple pattern recognition receptors (TLR2/TLR4), redox sensitivity and adjuvant-like properties. In light of recent evidence suggesting that HMGB1 may also mediate stress-induced sensitization of neuroinflammatory responses, mechanisms of HMGB1 action in neuroinflammatory priming are explored. A model of neuroinflammatory priming is developed wherein glucocorticoids induce synthesis and release of HMGB1 from microglia, which signals through TLR2/TLR4, thereby priming the NLRP3 inflammasome. We propose that if GCs reach a critical threshold as during a fight/flight response, they may thus function as an alarmin by inducing HMGB1, thereby preparing an organism’s innate immune system (NLRP3 inflammasome priming) for subsequent immune challenges such as injury, trauma or infection, which are more likely to occur during a fight/flight response. In doing so, GCs may confer a significant survival advantage by enhancing the central innate immune and sickness response to immune challenges.     

The Evolving Biology of Microglia in Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is typified by a robust microglial-mediated inflammatory response within the brain. Indeed, microglial accumulation around plaques in AD is one of the classical hallmarks of the disease pathology. Although microglia have the capacity to remove β-amyloid deposits and alleviate disease pathology, they fail to do so. Instead, they become chronically activated and promote inflammation-mediated impairment of cognition and cytotoxicity. However, if microglial function could be altered to engage their phagocytic response, promote their tissue maintenance functions, and prevent release of factors that promote tissue damage, this could provide therapeutic benefit. This review is focused on the current knowledge of microglial homeostatic mechanisms in AD, and mechanisms involved in the regulation of microglial phenotype in this context.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13311-014-0316-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

背根神经节小胶质细胞活化在大鼠术后持续性痛形成中的作用

目的 评价背根神经节小胶质细胞活化在大鼠术后持续性痛形成中的作用.方法 成年雄性SD大鼠70只,体重200 ～ 250 g,采用皮肤肌肉切口牵拉法建立术后持续性痛模型,采用随机数字表法,将其分为2组(n=35):假手术组(S组)和术后持续性痛组(SMIR组).分别于术前ld、术后1、3、7、12、22和32 d时,测定机械痛阈.上述各时点痛阈测试完毕后,随机取5只大鼠,计数背根神经节小胶质细胞.结果 与S组比较,SMIR组术后3～22 d时机械痛阈降低,术后3～12d时背根神经节小胶质细胞计数升高(P＜0.05).结论 背根神经节小胶质细胞的活化可能参与了大鼠术后持续性痛的形成.     

脊髓背角小胶质细胞组织蛋白酶S在大鼠骨癌痛维持中的作用

目的 探讨脊髓背角小胶质细胞组织蛋白酶S(CatS)在大鼠骨癌痛维持中的作用.方法 雌性未交配SD大鼠50只,4～6周龄,体重150～ 180 g,采用随机数字表法,将其分为5组(n=10):假手术组(S组)、骨癌痛组(BCP组)、假手术+CatS抑制剂吗啉亮氨酸高苯丙氨酸乙烯基苯基砜(LHVS)组(S+L组)、骨癌痛+二甲基亚砜组(BCP+D组)和骨癌痛+LHVS组(BCP+L组).左侧胫骨骨髓腔内接种浓度为2×107/ml Walker256细胞5μl制备大鼠骨癌痛模型.分别于造模后10、11、12d时S+L组和BCP+L组鞘内注射LHVS 50 nmol/10l,1次/d,BCP+D组给予等容量二甲基亚砜.分别于造模前1d(基础状态)及造模后3、6、9、10、11、12 d(T0-6)测定机械缩爪反应阈(MWT),分别于鞘内给药前、鞘内给药后0.5、1.0、3.0、6.0、9.0、12.0、24.0 h时测定(MWT).处死大鼠,取L4-6脊髓组织,采用免疫组化法测定OX-42表达.结果 与S组比较,BCP组、BCP+D组和BCP+L组T2-6时MWT降低,脊髓背角OX-42表达上调(P＜0.01),S+L组MWT和脊髓背角OX-42表达差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);与BCP组比较,BCP+L组T4-6时MWT升高,脊髓背角OX-42表达下调(P＜0.01),BCP+D组MWT和脊髓背角0X-42表达差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).S+L组和BCP+D组鞘内给药后3.0、6.0、9.0h时MWT低于BCP+D组(P＜0.01).结论 脊髓背角小胶质细胞CatS激活参与了大鼠骨癌痛的维持.     

下丘脑室旁核活化的小胶质细胞在充血性心力衰竭中的交感兴奋作用

目的探讨心力衰竭时下丘脑室旁核小胶质细胞通过释放炎性细胞因子增加交感神经活动。方法采用冠脉结扎术制作心力衰竭动物模型,4周后观察下丘脑室旁核活化的小胶质细胞数量,TNF-α的表达,肾交感神经放电以及心功能的变化。结果心力衰竭大鼠下丘脑室旁核活化的小胶质细胞数量及TNF-α水平明显高于假手术大鼠(P<0.05),心功能降低(P<0.05),肾交感神经放电增强(P<0.05)。结论心力衰竭时,下丘脑室旁核活化的小胶质细胞可能通过释放促进交感神经活动。     

Delayed neural damage is induced by iNOS-expressing microglia in a brain injury model

Most CNS diseases begin with inflammation with subsequent neural damage eventually occurring; however, the process leading from the onset of inflammation to neural damage remains obscure. We used an artificial brain injury mouse model and examined how neural damage occurred in the brain parenchyma. The damaged area in each mouse was clearly observed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and the progression of damage was observed to occur in a biphasic manner (acute damage, within 1 week; delayed damage, after 2 weeks). We found that the delayed neural damage was absent in iNOS-deficient mice (iNOS-KO mice). Then, we analyzed brain tissues and determined that delayed neural damage was accompanied by an increase in the levels of NO end products and iNOS expression, with accumulation of iNOS-expressing microglia around the injured area. In addition, the expression of IL-1β mRNA was increased in areas affected by acute damage, but not in those affected by delayed damage. These findings suggest that delayed neural damage might arise from NO production by iNOS-expressing activated microglia and that such activated microglia might become a therapeutic target for many CNS diseases.