Expanding the fetal phenotype: Prenatal sonographic findings and perinatal outcomes in a cohort of patients with a confirmed 22q11.2 deletion syndrome

22q deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is most often correlated prenatally with congenital heart disease and or cleft palate. The extracardiac fetal phenotype associated with 22q11.2DS is not well described. We sought to review both the fetal cardiac and extracardiac findings associated with a cohort of cases ascertained prenatally, confirmed or suspected to have 22q11.2DS, born and cared for in one center. A retrospective chart review was performed on a total of 42 cases with confirmed 22q11.2DS to obtain prenatal findings, perinatal outcomes and diagnostic confirmation. The diagnosis was confirmed prenatally in 67% (28/42) and postnatally in 33% (14/42). The majority (81%) were associated with the standard LCR22A‐LCR22D deletion. 95% (40/42) of fetuses were prenatally diagnosed with congenital heart disease. Extracardiac findings were noted in 90% (38/42) of cases. Additional findings involved the central nervous system (38%), gastrointestinal (14%), genitourinary (16.6%), pulmonary (7%), skeletal (19%), facial dysmorphism (21%), small/hypoplastic thymus (26%), and polyhydramnios (30%). One patient was diagnosed prenatally with a bilateral cleft lip and cleft palate. No fetus was diagnosed with intrauterine growth restriction. The average gestational age at delivery was 38 weeks and average birth weight was 3,105 grams. Sixty‐two percentage were delivered vaginally and there were no fetal demises. A diagnosis of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome should be considered in all cases of prenatally diagnosed congenital heart disease, particularly when it is not isolated. Microarray is warranted in all cases of structural abnormalities diagnosed prenatally. Prenatal diagnosis of 22q11.2 syndrome can be used to counsel expectant parents regarding pregnancy outcome and guide neonatal management.     

Evaluation of Quality of Life Using EORTC QLQ‐BM22 in Patients with Bone Metastases after Treatment with Magnetic Resonance Guided Focused Ultrasound

Objective

To reveal the alterations in quality of life (QOL) in bone metastases patients after magnetic resonance guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS).

Methods

This retrospective study enrolled 26 patients diagnosed with bone metastases. Patients had various primary malignant tumors and tumor lesions in different locations. All patients received MRgFUS for bone metastasis. Each focal spot sonication pulse that was applied to create energy deposition lasted 20 s and was performed at a frequency of 1.05 MHz. The visual analog scale (VAS) was used to measure pain level and the EORTC QLQ‐BM22 was applied to evaluate QOL for 12 months. The lower the QLQ‐BM22 score, the better the QOL of patients.

Results

The painful site subscale of the EORTC QLQ‐BM22 was observed without significant change. Significant reductions in the functional subscales were observed after therapy compared with the baseline. The functional interference was reduced significantly during the first 12 months. From the 2‐month time point onwards, the pain characteristics subscale also decreased significantly. VAS scores had decreased by 40.8% 1 month after the operation and had decreased 10.9% compared with VAS scores preoperation. Scores for pain characteristics decreased by 28.8% after the operation and the scores were still down by 10.8% 1 year after the treatment. VAS scores indicated a significant reduction in pain over the course of the research until the 12‐month time point follow‐up compared with the baseline.

Conclusion

MRgFUS therapy improved the QOL of patients with bone metastasis by relieving bone pain.

     

lncRNA-MALAT1/miRNA-145在舒芬太尼预处理减轻大鼠心肌缺血-再灌注损伤中的作用

目的探讨长链非编码RNA(lncRNA)肺腺癌转录子1(MALAT1)在舒芬太尼预处理减轻大鼠心肌缺血-再灌注损伤(MIRI)中的作用。方法 SPF级大鼠36只,体重180~200 g,随机分为三组:假手术组(Sham组),缺血-再灌注损伤组(IR组),缺血-再灌注损伤+舒芬太尼组(SUF组),每组12只。IR组和SUF组建立大鼠心肌缺血-再灌注损伤模型,SUF组于再灌注前10 min尾静脉注射舒芬太尼1μg/kg,Sham组和IR组注射等体积生理盐水。再灌注后2 h检测大鼠血清中肌酸激酶同工酶MB(CK-MB)、心肌肌钙蛋白T(cTnT)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性,同时检测大鼠心肌梗死面积;检测心肌细胞凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2、Bax、Cleaved-caspase-3和Caspase-3含量;检测大鼠心肌组织中lncRNA-MALAT1和miRNA-145的相对表达量。结果与Sham组比较,IR组和SUF组CK-MB和cTnT浓度明显升高,LDH活性明显增强,心肌梗死面积明显增大,心肌组织中Bax/Bcl-2比值明显降低,Cleaved-caspase-3蛋白含量明显升高,lncRNA-MALAT1相对表达量明显升高,而miRNA-145相对表达量明显降低(P<0.05)。与IR组比较,SUF组CK-MB和cTnT浓度明显降低,LDH活性明显减弱,心肌梗死面积明显减小,Bax/Bcl-2比值明显升高,Cleaved-caspase-3蛋白含量明显降低,lncRNA-MALAT1相对表达量明显降低,miRNA-145相对表达量明显增加(P<0.05)。结论舒芬太尼预处理能减轻大鼠心肌缺血-再灌注损伤程度,其机制可能与抑制lncRNA-MALAT1、升高miRNA-145表达有关。     

miR-211通过靶向下调SATB2表达促进非小细胞肺癌细胞的增殖、迁移与侵袭

目的:探讨miR-211及SATB2基因在非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)组织和细胞中的表达情况,探究miR-211在NSCLC细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭过程中的作用及其相关机制。方法:双荧光素酶报告系统验证miR-211和SATB2的相互作用机制;qRT-PCR检测miR-211和SATB2在NSCLC组织及癌旁组织中的表达情况;向A549细胞中转染miR-211 mimics、miR-211 inhibitor和pcDNA3.1-SATB2,检验转染效率及转染后A549细胞中SATB2 mRNA和蛋白表达水平;采用CCK-8实验和Transwell小室分别检测miR-211和SATB2表达变化对A549细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭能力的影响。结果:双荧光素酶报告系统结果提示SATB2 3' UTR是miR-211直接结合的靶位点。NSCLC组织中miR-211表达上调,SATB2表达下调,两者表达呈线性负相关(P＜0.05)。转染miR-211 mimics显著下调A549细胞中SATB2 mRNA和蛋白的表达水平(P＜0.05);转染miR-211 inhibitor和pcDNA3.1-SATB2使A549细胞中SATB2 mRNA和蛋白的表达水平增高(P＜0.05)。CCK-8实验显示,相较于对照组,miR-211过表达组的A549细胞增殖率显著增加(P＜0.05),miR-211抑制组和SATB2过表达组的A549细胞增殖能力下降(P＜0.05)。Transwell小室实验结果显示,与对照组相比,miR-211抑制组和SATB2过表达组的A549细胞迁移和侵袭能力明显降低(P＜0.05)。在miR-211过表达组共转染SATB2过表达,使miR-211介导的对A549细胞增殖、迁移及侵袭的促进作用受到抑制。结论:下调miR-211的表达可以增加NSCLC细胞中SATB2转录及转录后表达水平,从而抑制肺癌细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭能力。     

miR-4319通过靶向调控USP2抑制乳腺癌细胞侵袭

目的探讨miR-4319与泛素特异性蛋白酶2(USP2)表达的相关性以及miR-4319靶向USP2通过核转录因子κB(NF-κB)信号通路对乳腺癌细胞侵袭的影响。方法实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)检测miR-4319在正常乳腺癌上皮细胞(MCF10A)、低侵袭性乳腺癌细胞(MCF7)和高侵袭性乳腺癌细胞(MDA-MB-231)中的表达量。将MCF10A、MCF7和MDA-MB-231细胞分为6组进行转染:(1)MDA-MB-231/NC组,瞬时转染插入一段乱码序列(scramble 1),即作为miR-4319过表达对照质粒;(2)MDA-MB-231/miR-4319组,瞬时转染插入目的片段miR-4319质粒过表达miR-4319,即miR-4319过表达;(3)MDA-MB-231/miR-4319+Con组,瞬时转染同时转入miR-4319过表达质粒和USP2过表达对照质粒,即miR-4319过表达以及USP2过表达对照;(4)MDA-MB-231/miR-4319+USP2组,瞬时转染同时转入miR-4319过表达质粒和USP2过表达质粒,即miR-4319过表达和USP2过表达;(5)MDA-MB-231/miR-4319inhibitor组,瞬时转染miR-4319的反义序列抑制miR-4319的表达,即抑制miR-4319的表达;(6)MDA-MB-231/miR-4319inhibitor NC组,瞬时转染插入一段乱码序列(scramble 2),即作为抑制miR-4319组的对照组。qRT-PCR检测miR-4319在MDA-MB-231细胞中的转染效率。荧光素酶实验检测miR-4319与USP2 mRNA是否存在结合位点。qRT-PCR检测miR-4319在乳腺癌细胞中过表达后的USP2 mRNA表达水平。蛋白质印迹法检测过表达miR-4319或抑制miR-4319表达后的USP2蛋白表达水平。Transwell侵袭实验检测过表达miR-4319或USP2后MDA-MB-231细胞侵袭能力。双荧光素酶实验检测miR-4319对NF-κB信号通路活性的影响以及过表达USP2后miR-4319对NF-κB信号通路活性的影响。结果 qRT-PCR结果显示,miR-4319相对表达量在细胞MDA-MB-231(t=14.860,P<0.001)和MCF7(t=12.770,P<0.001)中分别为0.330±0.075和0.570±0.082,均低于细胞MCF10A(1.012±0.051);miR-4319相对表达量MDA-MB-231/miR-4319组(3.980±0.083)高于MDA-MB-231/NC组(1.009±0.058),差异有统计学意义,t=102.90,P<0.001。荧光素酶实验结果显示,pGL3-USP2 3’-UTR-WT报告载体与miR-4319质粒共转染后的荧光素酶活性下降,差异有统计学意义,t=15.740,P<0.001。qRT-PCR结果显示,USP2 mRNA相对表达量MDA-MB-231/NC组(1.013±0.058)和MDA-MB-231/miR-4319组(0.988±0.062)基本没有变化,差异无统计学意义,t=1.201,P=0.296。而蛋白质印迹法结果显示,USP2蛋白相对表达量miR-4319组(0.371±0.083)低于miR-4319/NC组(1.003±0.064),miR-4319/inhibitor组(1.982±0.093)高于inhibitor/NC组(1.104±0.072),USP2蛋白相对表达量的组间比较差异有统计学意义,F=212.4,P<0.001。Transwell侵袭实验结果显示,穿过Matrigel细胞数MDA-MB-231/miR-4319组(58.337±5.972)低于MDA-MB-231/NC组(192.371±5.476),差异有统计学意义,t=29.720,P<0.001;穿过Matrigel细胞数MDA-MB-231/miR-4319+USP2组(167.197±8.292)高于MDA-MB-231/miR-4319+Con组(63.283±10.397),差异有统计学意义,t=14.150,P=0.001。双荧光素酶结果显示,miR-4319/NF-κB-luc组荧光素酶活性(0.324±0.06)低于NC/pRL-TK组(1.024±0.080)、NC/NF-κB-luc组(2.023±0.110)和miR-4319/pRL-TK组(1.109±0.050),组间比较差异有统计学意义,F=237.1,P<0.001;miR-4319+USP2/NF-κB-luc组荧光素酶活性(2.032±0.12)高于miR-4319+USP2/pRL-TK组(1.094±0.100)、miR-4319+Con/pRL-TK组(1.063±0.080)和miR-4319+Con/NF-κB-luc组(0.334±0.050),组间比较差异有统计学意义,F=164.2,P<0.001。结论 miR-4319在乳腺癌细胞中低表达,miR-4319靶向结合USP2,过表达USP2逆转了miR-4319对乳腺癌细胞侵袭能力的抑制作用和NF-κB转录活性的抑制作用。miR-4319通过靶向结合USP2抑制NF-κB信号通路,从而抑制乳腺癌细胞的侵袭。     

宫颈癌组织USP22、Glut1蛋白表达及其相互关系

目的探讨宫颈癌组织中的泛素特异性蛋白22(USP22)、葡萄糖转运蛋白1(Glut1)的表达及其相互关系。方法选取90例宫颈癌组织标本、90例宫颈上皮瘤变组织标本,采用免疫组化染色分析2组标本中的USP22、Glut1蛋白表达差异,并依据国际妇产联盟分期(FIGO)、淋巴结转移情况、组织学分级、病灶大小进行分层,采用秩相关分析法分析两类蛋白的相互关系。结果宫颈癌组织中的USP22、Glut1蛋白阳性表达率分别为62.22%、65.56%,显著高于CIN组织中的USP22、Glut1蛋白阳性表达率24.44%、30.00%,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。宫颈癌组织中Glut1蛋白阳性表达率在不同的TNM分期、是否发生淋巴结转移的组织中存在显著差异(P<0.05);宫颈癌组织中的USP22蛋白阳性表达率在不同的TNM分期、不同组织学分级、是否发生淋巴结转移的组织中存在显著差异(P<0.05)。经Spearman秩相关分析,宫颈癌组织中的Glut1蛋白表达与USP22蛋白表达呈显著的正相关关系(γ=0.495,P<0.05)。结论宫颈癌组织USP22、Glut1蛋白高表达,二者相互间有正相关关系,且与肿瘤的发生发展具有一定的关系。     

Pharmacology of Ultrasonic Vocalizations in adult Rats: Significance,Call Classification and Neural Substrate

Pharmacological studies of emotional arousal and initiation of emotional states in rats measured by their ultrasonic vocalizations are reviewed. It is postulated that emission of vocalizations is an inseparable feature of emotional states and it evolved from mother-infant interaction. Positive emotional states are associated with emission of 50 kHz vocalizations that could be induced by rewarding situations and dopaminergic activation of the nucleus accumbens and are mediated by D1, D2, and partially D3 dopamine receptors. Three biologically significant subtypes of 50 kHz vocalizations have been identified, all expressing positive emotional states: (1) flat calls without frequency modulation that serve as contact calls during social interactions; (2) frequencymodulated calls without trills that signal rewarding and significantly motivated situation; and (3) frequency-modulated calls with trills or trills themselves that are emitted in highly emotional situations associated with intensive affective state. Negative emotional states are associated with emission of 22 kHz vocalizations that could be induced by aversive situations, muscarinic cholinergic activation of limbic areas of medial diencephalon and forebrain, and are mediated by M2 muscarinic receptors. Two biologically significant subtypes of 22 kHz vocalizations have been identified, both expressing negative emotional sates: (1) long calls that serve as alarm calls and signal external danger; and (2) short calls that express a state of discomfort without external danger. The positive and negative states with emission of vocalizations are initiated by two ascending reticular activating subsystems: the mesolimbic dopaminergic subsystem as a specific positive arousal system, and the mesolimbic cholinergic subsystem as a specific negative arousal system.     

柿叶不同极性部位对H22腹水瘤及H22,S180实体瘤小鼠的抑瘤作用

目的:研究柿叶不同极性部位对小鼠H22及S180抑瘤作用的影响。方法:柿叶乙醇提取物分别用三氯甲烷、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇萃取,得到相应不同极性部位;乙醇提取后的柿叶晾干后水煮,得水提部位。分别建立H22腹水瘤小鼠模型和H22,S180实体瘤小鼠模型,将荷瘤小鼠随机分为空白组,模型组,环磷酰胺组(0.1 g·kg-1),不同极性部位(柿叶三氯甲烷、柿叶水提、柿叶乙酸乙酯、柿叶正丁醇)高、中、低剂量组,连续ig 10 d。观察各用药组对H22腹水瘤小鼠腹围、腹水抑制率和肝组织病理学形态的影响,以及对H22和S180实体瘤小鼠摄食量、体重、抑瘤率、生命延长率、胸腺和脾脏系数等的影响。结果:与模型组比较,柿叶乙酸乙酯部位、水提部位和正丁醇部位能明显减少H22腹水瘤小鼠的腹水量,不同程度改善肝细胞肿胀、溶解等状况;不影响H22和S180实体瘤小鼠的摄食量,能明显提高荷瘤小鼠的抑瘤率、延长生命延长率,增加胸腺系数和脾脏系数(P<0.01,P<0.05)。结论:柿叶乙酸乙酯部位、水提部位和正丁醇部位对H22和S180荷瘤小鼠有不同程度的抑瘤作用,可为柿叶抑瘤作用的有效部位。柿叶乙酸乙酯部位对肝癌H22小鼠(包括实体瘤和腹水瘤)的影响比对肉瘤S180小鼠更显著。     

鞣花酸抗S180,H22肿瘤及其抑制新生血管机制探讨

目的: 观察鞣花酸对S180,H22荷瘤小鼠肿瘤生长及微血管生成的影响,以及对血小板衍生因子B(PDGFB),转录激活因子-3(STAT3)及磷酸化STAT3(p-STAT3)基因和蛋白表达的影响,探讨其抗血管生成作用可能的机制。方法: SPF级昆明种小鼠100只,建立S180,H22皮下荷瘤小鼠2种模型,分别随机分为模型组(0.5% CMC溶液)、环磷酰胺组(阳性药,20 μg·g^-1·d^-1)、鞣花酸高、中、低(200,100,50 μg·g^-1·d^-1)剂量组,每组10只,连续给药ig 10 d,观察鞣花酸对荷瘤小鼠肿瘤生长、体重、胸腺指数及脾脏指数,免疫组化法检测肿瘤微血管密度,PDGFB,STAT3及p-STAT3的表达情况。结果: 鞣花酸高、中、低剂量组对S180小鼠抑瘤率分别为35.3%,10.6%,5.6%,对H22小鼠抑瘤率分别为36.3%,38.8%,20.6%,其对小鼠体重无明显影响;与模型组比较,高剂量组对S180,H22小鼠脾脏指数较模型组明显上升(P<0.05),鞣花酸高、中剂量组能明显降低S180,H22小鼠肿瘤微血管密度(P<0.05),鞣花酸高、中、低剂量组在S180,H22 2种瘤体中PDGFB,STAT3和p-STAT3的表达明显降低。结论: 鞣花酸抑制S180,H22荷瘤小鼠肿瘤生长及微血管形成,其机制可能与下调肿瘤组织中PDGFB表达并抑制下游STAT3的蛋白表达及磷酸化有关。