我国医疗器械数字化技术发展中存在的主要问题及原因

本文提出了我国医疗器械产业中数字化技术发展中存在的主要问题，并分析了问题产生的原因。     

Gender Differences in Patterns of Alcohol Consumption in Spain

Gender differences in alcohol consumption components, hazardous alcohol consumption, and drinking patterns among Spaniards were analyzed. The study was conducted in the fall of 1992 on 2,500 individuals, aged 14–70 years, who lived in the region of Castile and Leon (Spain). Males drank more frequently (with a high intake of alcohol), were more likely to be hazardous drinkers, and started drinking earlier than females. Both sexes drank beer in a similar way, but not wine and spirits. Males and females gave similar reasons for drinking and showed similar patterns of "family" drinking, although sex differences in other patterns of alcohol consumption were found. The relevance of results was discussed.     

Alcohol Dependence and Abuse Diagnoses: Validity in Community Sample Heavy Drinkers

Despite the widespread influence of the alcohol dependence syndrome concept on the major nosological classification systems, little work has been done to test the validity of the alcohol dependence syndrome in community samples. In addition, numerous questions have been asked about the validity of current definitions of alcohol abuse. We examined the cross-sectional validity of DSM-IV alcohol dependence and abuse in 936 household residents randomly selected and screened for elevated drinking. We investigated validity by testing the association of a set of seven "criterion" variables, external to the alcohol diagnostic criteria, with dependence and abuse diagnoses. Results indicated that dependence diagnoses were significantly associated with all criterion variables when compared to those with no diagnosis, even though all subjects had elevated drinking and the cases of alcohol dependence were mild. In contrast, abuse diagnoses did not show a pattern of association with the criterion variables when compared to no diagnosis. When associations were tested comparing dependence cases to those with abuse only, results were mixed. This study is one in a series of investigations in this sample of household residents screened for elevated drinking levels.     

A Longitudinal Examination of the Relationships Among Stress, Coping Strategies, and Problems Associated with Alcohol Use

This study examined the longitudinal relationships among family history of alcoholism (FH+), stress levels, utilization of coping methods, and alcohol-related problems. Data used in this study were obtained from a nonclinical sample of subjects who were originally interviewed when they were 12, 15, or 18 years of age and followed-up twice more at 3-year intervals for a longitudinal sample size of 1270. Although a greater percentage of females in this sample reported a FH+ background as well as higher levels of stress, they tended to utilize positive coping strategies more often and reported fewer numbers of alcohol problems than males. In general, younger subjects who reported high levels of stress experienced more alcohol-related problems regardless of coping method chosen. In older subjects, the effect of stress on problems appeared to be buffered when coupled with the use of support seeking. Subjects whose stress preceded problems exhibited no significant difference from subjects whose problems preceded stress and symptom-free and "stressed-only" subjects were not significantly different from each other in number of problems at time 3, suggesting that a direct effect of stress alone on alcohol-related problems is questionable.     

Management of Sleep Problems in Pre-School Children: Effects of a Behavioural Programme on Sleep Routines, Maternal Depression and Perceived Control.

The sleep patterns of 31 children aged between 9 months and 3 1/2 years were studied over a period of 3 months during which time a behavioural programme was initiated and evaluated. Measures of the mothers' mental state and of the relative behavioural control the child was perceived to have were also taken. The childrens' sleep showed rapid improvement following the intervention and similar changes were observed in the other measures.     

Thrombocyte serotonin and serum cholesterol concentration in suicidal and non-suicidal depressed patients

Introduction

Numerous studies have confirmed the connection of reduced serum cholesterol and thrombocyte serotonin concentration with suicidal behavior in psychiatric patients. The purpose of such studies was to determine the link among cholesterol and serotonin concentration, comparing depressed patients with and without attempted suicide with phenotypically healthy control group.

Materials and methods

The examinees' groups consisted of 55 depressed patients with suicide attempt and 77 depressed patients with no suicide attempt. In accordance to ICD-10, the above patients were separated in two subgroups; F32.2 and F33.2. Phenotypically healthy control group was presented by the group of healthy blood donors. The fasting serum cholesterol concentration was established using standard enzymatic method, while the thrombocyte serotonin concentration was determined by the enzymatic immune-chemical method (ELISA).

Results

The ANOVA test (N = 228, F_ratio = 8.26, p < 0.001) found significant difference of cholesterol concentration between groups, with lowest concentration in depressed patients with attempted suicide (SNK post hoc test, p < 0.05). Upon gender stratification, the significance remained for the female patients (ANOVA, N = 125, F_ratio = 6.06, p = 0.003). The serum cholesterol was shown to be statistically lower in the group of depressed patients with attempted suicide, diagnoses F32.2 (p = 0.031) and F33.2 (p = 0.011), compared to the group of depressed patients without attempted suicides. The thrombocyte serotonin was found to be significantly different in all examined groups, with the lowest thrombocyte serotonin in the group of depressed patients with no suicide attempt (SNK post hoc test, p < 0.05, N = 187, F_ratio = 37.69, p < 0.001). The same significance was found for the group of female (ANOVA, N = 103, F_ratio = 11.81, p < 0.001) and the group of male patients (ANOVA, N = 84, F_ratio = 30.40, p < 0.001). The thrombocyte serotonin was significantly lower in the group of depressed patients with no suicide attempt (F32.2), compared to the same diagnosis in the group of depressed patients with suicide attempt (MW-test, p = 0.018).

Conclusion

In the group of depressed patients with attempted suicide, statistically significant lower serum cholesterol values have been confirmed. In the group of depressed patients with no suicide attempt, statistically significant lower values of thrombocyte serotonin have been confirmed, presumably as the response to the psychopharmacological therapy.     

Anxiety, anxiety symptoms, and associations among older people with dementia in assisted-living facilities

Anxiety is a major cause for distress among older people with dementia, and it impedes care. In order to develop interventions to treat anxiety and identify who might be most likely to benefit, mental health nurses need to understand what clinical and demographic factors are associated with anxiety in dementia. This cross-sectional study is a detailed assessment of anxiety in people living in assisted-living facilities using the Rating Anxiety in Dementia (RAID) scale and the Clinical Anxiety Scale (CAS). One hundred and forty-eight people, with a mean age of 86.2 years, were recruited from 19 assisted-living facilities in the USA. Prevalence rates for anxiety were 11% and 18%, as measured on the RAID and CAS, respectively. One or more symptoms of anxiety were exhibited for 49% (RAID) and 48% (CAS) of participants. Behavioural symptoms and the presence of depression strongly predicted anxiety, as did staff's reaction to behavioural symptoms and their sense of competence to care. These findings demonstrate that anxiety is prominent enough to warrant further investigation and treatment, and that anxiety in older people with dementia is closely associated with staff skill. This study has also identified areas for mental health nurses to target interventions.     

关于开展医学影像双语教学的重要性和存在的问题

随着经济全球化和高等教育国际化趋势的日益加强，医学影像学作为生命科学中的一门重要交叉科学，在国际间的交流和合作日益频繁，我国各大医院和医学院校正需要大批精通外语的医学影像专业人才，开展影像双语教学是很有其必要性和重要性的，但在其具体实施过程中，也暴露出一系列的问题．     

肿瘤核医学教学存在的困难及对策

分析了目前肿瘤核医学教学存在各种困难及其相应的对策，旨在提高肿瘤核医学的教学质量。