Trivalent pneumococcal protein recombinant vaccine protects against lethal Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia and correlates with phagocytosis by neutrophils during early pathogenesis

ObjectiveDue to the fact that current polysaccharide-based pneumococcal vaccines have limited serotype coverage, protein-based vaccine candidates have been sought for over a decade to replace or complement current vaccines. We previously reported that a trivalent Pneumococcal Protein recombinant Vaccine (PPrV), showed protection against pneumonia and sepsis in an infant murine model. Here we investigated immunological correlates of protection of PPrV in the same model.MethodsC57BL/6J infant mice were intramuscularly vaccinated at age 1–3 weeks with 3 doses of PPrV, containing pneumococcal histidine triad protein D (PhtD), pneumococcal choline binding protein A (PcpA), and detoxified pneumolysin mutant PlyD1. 3–4 weeks after last vaccination, serum and lung antibody levels to PPrV components were measured, and mice were intranasally challenged with a lethal dose of Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) serotype 6A. Lung Spn bacterial burden, number of neutrophils and alveolar macrophages, phagocytosed Spn by granulocytes, and levels of cytokines and chemokines were determined at 6, 12, 24, and 48 h after challenge.ResultsPPrV vaccination conferred 83% protection against Spn challenge. Vaccinated mice had significantly elevated serum and lung antibody levels to three PPrV components. In the first stage of pathogenesis of Spn induced pneumonia (6–24 h after challenge), vaccinated mice had lower Spn bacterial lung burdens and more phagocytosed Spn in the granulocytes. PPrV vaccination led to lower levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1β, and TFN-α, and other cytokines and chemokines (IL-12, IL-17, IFN-γ, MIP-1b, MIP-2 and KC, and G-CSF), presumably due to a lower lung bacterial burden.ConclusionTrivalent PPrV vaccination results in increased serum and lung antibody levels to the vaccine components, a reduction in Spn induced lethality, enhanced early clearance of Spn in lungs due to more rapid and thorough phagocytosis of Spn by neutrophils, and correspondingly a reduction in lung inflammation and tissue damage.     

输尿管镜下 U－100激光碎石术治疗婴幼儿输尿管结石

目的：探讨输尿管镜联合 U －100激光碎石治疗婴幼儿输尿管结石的可行性和临床效果。方法回顾性分析2012年6月至2014年8月采用经尿道输尿管镜U－100激光碎石术治疗57例64侧婴幼儿输尿管结石的临床资料。男39例,女18例,年龄6～36个月,平均（11±6）个月,婴儿24例,幼儿33例。输尿管中下段结石26例,输尿管上段结石15例,输尿管结石并肾结石7例,双侧输尿管结石9例,结石直径9～24 mm,平均（14±1．9） mm。结果Ⅰ期输尿管镜成功碎石41例46侧,12例逆行置入输尿管支架管引流Ⅱ期手术,双侧置管4例,单侧置管8例,4例改行经皮肾镜取石术。平均手术时间（46±8）min,平均住院时间（9．2±1．6） d,1例术中出现输尿管上段穿孔,5例（8．7％）术后发热（≥38．5℃）。术后留置双 J管4周,拔管前复查泌尿系B超或KUB,一期结石清除率84．2％（48／57）。57例随访3～26个月,平均18个月,未见输尿管狭窄、结石复发。结论对于输尿管镜技术成熟的医院,选择合适的输尿管镜,联合 U －100激光碎石处理婴幼儿输尿管结石安全可行,疗效好。     

新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎外科诊疗进展

新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎(NEC)是小儿外科常见的急腹症,具有发病迅速、早期诊断困难、病死率高、术后并发症多等特点。目前临床争论主要集中在两方面:第一,手术时机及方式的选择问题;第二,如何尽可能多的保留肠管,防止术后短肠综合征发生。笔者就目前NEC外科治疗研究进展做一综述,以期寻求启发与解答。     

Validation of the Premature Infant Pain Profile-Revised (PIPP-R)

Objectives

To examine the construct validity, inter-rater reliability, and feasibility of the Premature Infant Pain Profile-Revised in infants of varying gestational ages, diagnoses, and procedures.

Methods

A prospective cross-over study with infants in three gestational age groups (26–31, 32–36, and ≥ 37 weeks) at three university-affiliated Neonatal Intensive Care Units in Canada. One hundred and ninety five bedside nurses and expert raters rated 202 hospitalized infants' pain during scheduled procedures using the measure. An expert rater and a nurse independently assessed infants' pain scores, using the Premature Infant Pain Profile-Revised, during 246 scheduled pairs of painful and non-painful procedures in the 202 infants. Nurses also completed a feasibility survey on using the measure in a clinical setting. To establish construct validity, pain scores were computed during painful and non-painful procedures. Inter-rater reliability between pain experts and nurses was calculated. A 5-point Likert scale was used to measure feasibility in terms of clarity, ease of use, and time to complete.

Results

Irrespective of gestational age, Premature Infant Pain Profile-Revised scores were significantly higher during painful procedures (mean 6.7 [SD 3.0]) compared to non-painful procedures (mean 4.8 [SD 2.9]). There was a high degree of correlation between nurses' and experts' ratings for painful (all R² = 0.92, p < 0.001) and non-painful (all R² = 0.87, p < 0.001) procedures. Mean scores on all feasibility indicators were equal to or higher than 3.8.

Discussion

The Premature Infant Pain Profile Revised has beginning construct validation, inter-rater reliability, and is considered feasible by clinicians. Concurrent validation studies should be considered.     

106例6个月～6岁儿童缺铁性贫血临床表现及实验室检查分析

目的 探讨6个月～6岁儿童缺铁性贫血（IDA）的发病因素、临床特点、实验室检查并探讨其预防措施.方法 对106例6个月～6岁IDA患儿进行病因调查、查体及血常规、铁蛋白、叶酸、维生素B12等相关检查结果进行分析.结果 轻度贫血51例,中度贫血40例,重度贫血10例,极重度贫血5例.儿童缺铁性贫血与孕产因素、喂养因素等均有较大关系,且农村IDA发病率高于城市.结论 缺铁性贫血目前仍然是儿童期重要的营养缺乏病,应予高度重视,及时发现,尽早干预.     

Infant robotic pyeloplasty: Comparison with an open cohort

ObjectiveTo present our experience with infant pyeloplasty, comparing outcomes between robotic-assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty (RALP) and open pyeloplasty (OP).Materials and methodsA retrospective review was performed of all children <1 year of age who underwent unilateral dismembered pyeloplasty at a single pediatric institution since January 2007. Patients with standard laparoscopic pyeloplasty were excluded. Patient demographics, intraoperative details, narcotic usage, and complications were reviewed.ResultsA total of 70 infants (51 boys and 19 girls) were identified, with nine RALP and 61 OP performed. Median age was 9.2 months (range, 3.7–11.9 months) for RALP and 4.1 months (range, 1.0–11.6 months) for OP (p = 0.005). Median weight was 8 kg (range, 5.8–10.9 kg) for RALP and 7 kg (range, 4–14 kg) for OP (p = 0.163). Median operative time was 115 min (range, 95–205 min) for RALP and 166 min (range, 79–300 min) for OP (p = 0.028). Median hospital stay was 1 day (range, 1–2 days) for RALP and 3 days (range, 1–7 days) for OP (p < 0.001). Median postoperative narcotic use of morphine equivalent was <0.01 mg/kg/day (range, 0–0.1 mg/kg/day) for RALP and 0.05 mg/kg/day (range, 0–2.2 mg/kg/day) for OP (p < 0.001). Median follow-up was 10 months (range, 7.2–17.8 months) for RALP and 43.6 months (3.4–73.8 months) for OP (p < 0.001). The success rate was 100% for RALP and 98% for OP.ConclusionsInfant RALP was observed to be feasible and efficacious with shorter operative time, hospital stay, and narcotic utilization than OP.     

快速康复外科技术在1-4月龄婴儿巨结肠根治术中的应用

目的探讨快速康复外科技术（FTS）应用于小婴儿巨结肠中的可行性、安全性及临床与社会价值。方法收集本院2010年10月至2013年10月应用快速康复外科技术治疗的1-4月龄婴儿巨结肠53例,为 FTS 组;选取2008年10月至2010年10月采取传统方式治疗,与 FTS 组条件相同,总体临床特点相似的1-4月龄婴儿巨结肠40例,作为对照组。全部病例均进行一期巨结肠根治术,并获随访,随访时间6个月至5．5年;对两组病例术后首次排便时间、停止输液时间、住院时间、治疗费用和中期并发症等方面进行比较。结果FTS 组与传统组术后停止输液时间分别是（2．4±1．1）d、（3．5±1．2）d;住院时间分别是（7．4±1．2）d、（10．5±1．6）d;治疗费用分别是（8300±840）元、（11100±920）元,差异均有统计学意义（P ＜0．05）。两组术后首次排便时间分别是（10．3±1．8）h 和（11．5±2.4）h,第3天 CRP 正常比例分别是73．6％和55％,差异无统计学意义（P ＞0．05）;两组术后中期效果指标（便秘、污粪／肛门失禁、肛周感染,小肠结肠炎）比较,无显著差异（P ＞0．05）。结论快速康复外科技术应用于1-4月龄婴儿巨结肠可明显加速患儿康复,缩短住院时间,节省住院费用,安全有效,但需要逐步推进和多部门密切配合。     

Ommaya囊置入外引流术在幼儿化脓性脑膜炎合并硬膜下积液治疗中的应用

目的探讨应用Ommaya囊置入外引流术治疗幼儿化脓性脑膜炎合并硬膜下积液的临床效果。方法2010年6月至2013年6月我们对38例化脓性脑膜炎合并硬膜下积液患儿,在抗感染治疗的同时,置入Ommaya囊持续外引流,观察临床症状的改善程度,并行头颅CT检查硬膜下积液吸收情况。结果28例患儿经持续引流5～7d后,发热、头痛及呕吐症状均明显减轻,又反复穿刺囊体3～6次并引流,2个月后复查头颅CT,提示29例硬膜下积液明显减少,9例无变化;术后1年复查,32例硬膜下积液消失,3例明显减少,3例因脑膜炎控制效果差,症状反复,放弃治疗。结论Ommaya囊可以长期置入,反复穿刺引流,较传统颅骨钻孔直接外引流,减少了感染风险,是治疗幼儿化脓性脑膜炎合并硬膜下积液的一种有效方法。