葡萄籽原花青素通过Nrf2调节糖尿病大鼠肾组织GSTM的表达

目的: 研究葡萄籽原花青素(GSP)对糖尿病大鼠肾保护作用的分子生物学机制,为GSP治疗糖尿病肾病提供实验依据。方法: 雄性Wistar大鼠尾静脉注射0.1%链脲佐菌素(STZ)建立糖尿病大鼠模型,成模后随机分为糖尿病组(DM组)和糖尿病GSP治疗组(GSP组,GSP 250 mg·kg^-1·d^-1),另设正常对照组(C组)。观察24周后测量大鼠体重、收缩压、肾重/体重和24 h尿蛋白定量;采血测定空腹血糖(FPG)、尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(SCr)和糖基化血红蛋白(HbA1c);观察糖尿病大鼠肾脏病理改变,并应用Western blotting和免疫组化法测定肾组织谷胱甘肽S-转移酶μ亚型(GSTM)和核因子E2相关因子2(Nrf2)的表达。结果: 实验开始时3组大鼠体重无明显差异(P>0.05),24周时DM组大鼠较C组大鼠体重显著下降(P<0.01),治疗后GSP组大鼠体重较DM组增加,但无显著差异(P>0.05)。第24周时DM组大鼠与C组相比较,收缩压、FPG、HbA1c、肾重/体重、24 h尿蛋白定量、BUN和SCr水平显著升高(P<0.01)。治疗后GSP组大鼠与DM组比较FPG和HbA1c水平降低,但无显著差异(P>0.05),收缩压、24 h尿蛋白定量和肾重/体重显著降低,(P<0.01),BUN和SCr水平显著降低(P<0.05)。GSP组肾组织病理改变较DM组改善。GSTM和Nrf2表达在DM组表达较C组上调,在GSP组治疗后回调(P<0.05)。结论: GSP可能通过Nrf2下调GSTM表达而起肾保护作用。     

葡萄子原花青素对糖尿病肾病大鼠非酶糖基化终产物和骨形态蛋白7表达的影响

   目的   研究葡萄子原花青素（GSPE）对糖尿病大鼠非酶糖基化终产物（AGEs）、肾组织结缔组织生长因子（CTGF）及骨形态蛋白7（BMP 7）表达的影响。  方法   将45只链脲佐菌素（STZ）诱导的糖尿病大鼠模型随机分为糖尿病组（DM组,n=15只）、GSPE小剂量［250mg/（kg·d）］治疗组（T1组,n=15只）和大剂量［500mg/（kg·d）］治疗组（T2组,n=15只）,另以15只正常大鼠作为对照组（C组）,15只正常大鼠给予GSPE 250mg/（kg·d）作为正常治疗组（CT组）。于24周末检测各组大鼠血糖、血清AGEs、血压、24?h尿蛋白定量、血肌酐（Scr）、尿肌酐（Ucr）、肾重/体重水平。以光镜PAS染色及电镜观察肾脏病理改变。用RT PCR、Western blot方法及免疫组化方法检测肾组织中CTGF、BMP-7mRNA及蛋白表达水平的改变。  结果   与C组相比,DM组血清AGEs、血压、24h尿蛋白定量、内生肌酐清除率（Ccr）、肾重/体重均显著升高（P＜0.01）,肾病理改变加重,肾组织CTGF mRNA及蛋白表达增加（P＜0.01）,而BMP-7mRNA及蛋白降低（P＜0.05）。与DM组相比,T1组和T2组血清AGEs、血压、24h尿蛋白定量、Ccr和肾重/体重显著降低（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）,病理改变减轻, BMP-7mRNA及蛋白表达水平升高(P＜0.05或P＜0.01）,而CTGF mRNA及蛋白显著降低（P＜0.01）。T1组与T2组之间相比,Ccr、肾重/体重水平、CTGF mRNA及蛋白差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）。   结论    GSPE可以减轻糖尿病大鼠蛋白尿、改善肾脏病理,对其肾脏有明显保护作用,其机制与降低血清AGEs、抑制肾组织CTGF过高表达、上调BMP-7表达有关。     

葡萄籽原花青素提取物对糖尿病牙周炎大鼠牙周组织炎症的缓解作用及其对牙周组织中TLR4和NF-κB表达水平的影响

目的 探讨葡萄籽原花青素提取物（GSPE）对糖尿病牙周炎大鼠牙周炎症的改善作用,并阐明其作用机制。 方法 40只雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组、糖尿病牙周炎模型组（模型组）、低剂量（100 mg·kg^－1）GSPE组和高剂量（200 mg·kg^－1）GSPE组,每组10只,除对照组外,其他各组大鼠采用牙周结扎法联合一次性腹腔注射链脲佐菌素（STZ）建立糖尿病牙周炎模型。模型建立成功后,低和高剂量GSPE组大鼠分别按100和200 mg·kg^－1GSPE灌胃给药,对照组和模型组大鼠给予等量生理盐水灌胃,每天1次,连续8周。观察大鼠一般情况和血糖水平变化,采用HE染色观察各组大鼠牙周组织病理形态表现,测量各组大鼠牙槽骨吸收量,采用相关试剂盒检测各组大鼠牙周组织中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性和活性氧（ROS）及丙二醛（MDA）水平,酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法检测各组大鼠血清中肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素1β（IL-1β）和白细胞介素6（IL-6）水平, Western blotting法检测各组大鼠牙周组织中Toll样受体4（TLR4）和核因子κB（NF-κB）蛋白表达水平。 结果 与对照组比较,模型组大鼠出现明显“三多一少”症状,血糖水平明显升高（P<0.05）,牙周结缔组织中炎性细胞浸润,牙周组织损伤,牙槽骨吸收量明显增加（P<0.05）,牙周组织中SOD和CAT活性明显降低（P<0.05）,ROS和MDA水平明显升高（P<0.05）,血清中TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6水平明显升高（P<0.05）,牙周组织中TLR4和NF-κB蛋白表达水平明显升高（P<0.05）;与模型组比较,低和高剂量GSPE组大鼠一般情况均明显好转,血糖水平明显降低（P<0.05）,牙周组织损伤明显减轻,牙槽骨吸收量减少（P<0.05）,牙周组织中SOD和CAT活性明显升高（P<0.05）,ROS和MDA水平明显降低（P<0.05）,血清中TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6水平明显降低（P<0.05）,牙周组织中TLR4和NF-κB 蛋白表达水平明显降低（P<0.05）;与低剂量GSPE组比较,高剂量GSPE组大鼠牙周组织中SOD和CAT活性明显升高（P<0.05）,ROS和MDA水平明显降低（P<0.05）,血清中TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6水平明显降低（P<0.05）,牙周组织中TLR4和NF-κB 蛋白表达水平明显降低（P<0.05）。 结论 GSPE可改善糖尿病牙周炎大鼠牙周组织炎症,其作用机制与调节牙周组织中TLR4/NF-κB信号通路有关。     

基于SIRT1/PGC-1α通路探讨葡萄籽原花青素提取物对糖尿病肾脏疾病大鼠的保护作用

目的 探讨葡萄籽原花青素提取物(GSPE)通过调控沉默信息调节因子1(SIRT1)/过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ辅助活化因子1α(PGC-1α)通路对糖尿病肾脏疾病(DKD)大鼠的保护作用。 方法 将40只雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组、对照治疗组、模型组和治疗组,每组10只。腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(STZ)制备糖尿病大鼠模型,对照治疗组和治疗组灌胃GSPE,对照组和模型组灌胃等量生理盐水,连续给药12周,检测大鼠血糖、血肌酐和尿微量白蛋白;过碘酸希夫(PAS)染色观察肾组织病理学变化;透射电镜观察肾组织超微结构;采用Tunel染色法评估肾组织细胞凋亡水平;采用免疫组化法和Western blotting法检测肾组织中线粒体生物合成SIRT1/PGC-1α通路相关分子SIRT1、PGC-1α、核呼吸因子1(NRF1)和线粒体转录因子A(TFAM)的表达水平。 结果 模型组血糖［(39.38±4.18)mmol/L vs(8.21±3.57)mmol/L］ 、血肌酐［(55.83±3.72)μmol/L vs(40.00±2.49)μmol/L］和尿微量白蛋白［(10.98±3.36)mg/L vs(1.22±0.23)mg/L］水平较对照组升高(P<0.05)。模型组肾组织损伤严重,线粒体碎片化增多,细胞凋亡［(31.81±8.84)% vs(0.50±0.35)%］多于对照组(P<0.05);同时肾脏中线粒体生物合成相关分子SIRT1(0.34±0.13 vs 0.66±0.06)、PGC-1α(0.32±0.03 vs 0.71±0.13)、NRF1(0.05±0.01 vs 0.21±0.02)和TFAM(0.06±0.03 vs 0.33±0.06)蛋白表达水平较对照组降低(P<0.05)。经GSPE干预后,治疗组血糖［(27.26±3.93)mmol/L vs(39.38±4.18)mmol/L］、血肌酐［(43.50±1.70)μmol/L vs(55.83±3.72)μmol/L］和尿微量白蛋白［(4.05±2.06)mg/L vs(10.98±3.36)mg/L］水平较模型组下降(P<0.05),细胞凋亡［(4.90±1.62)% vs(31.81±8.84)%］减少(P<0.05),肾脏中SIRT1(0.55±0.05 vs 0.34±0.13)、PGC-1α(0.62±0.14 vs 0.32±0.03)、NRF1(0.16±0.02 vs 0.05±0.01)和TFAM(0.26±0.06 vs 0.06±0.03)蛋白表达水平较模型组升高(P<0.05)。 结论 GSPE可能通过调控线粒体生物合成SIRT1/PGC-1α信号通路,改善DKD大鼠肾脏线粒体生物合成,从而发挥肾脏保护作用。     

Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract induced mitochondria-associated apoptosis in human acute myeloid leukaemia 14.3D10 cells

The important aim in cancer treatment is the selective killing of cancer cells without damaging healthy cells and the most commonly used chemotherapy for eliminating cancer is achieved by activating the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway.1 Therefore, identification of new agents that can selectively kill cancer cells becomes crucial in cancer clinical treatment. Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE), a flavonoid in fruits, has been shown in vitro and in vivo, to possess superior antioxidan…     

Antioxidants from the bark of Burkea africana, an African medicinal plant

The bark of the tree Burkea africana is used medicinally in large areas of sub-Saharan Africa. The constituents responsible for its putative activity are not well known. We have investigated the bark of B. africana for antioxidant and radical scavenging activity. A hydroethanol bark extract showed high activity, and most of this activity was located in semipolar fractions of the extract. From chromatographic purification and spectroscopical structure studies, we conclude that the active constituents are proanthocyanidins. Two major components appear to be fisetinidol-(4alpha- --> 8)-catechin 3-gallate and bis-fisetinidol-(4alpha- --> 6, 4alpha- --> 8)-catechin 3-gallate. The latter compound is a new natural product. Smaller amounts of monomeric flavan-3-ols (catechin, epicatechin and fisetinidol) were also found.     

The Diverse Efficacy of Food-Derived Proanthocyanidins for Middle-Aged and Elderly Women

Middle-aged and elderly women are affected by various symptoms and diseases induced by estrogen deficiency. Proanthocyanidins, widely present in many kinds of fruits and berries, have many beneficial effects, such as antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. We researched the effects of proanthocyanidins for middle-aged and elderly women, finding that it has been revealed in many clinical trials and cohort studies that proanthocyanidins contribute to the prevention of cardiovascular disease, hypertension, obesity, cancer, osteoporosis, and urinary tract infection, as well as the improvement of menopausal symptoms, renal function, and skin damage. Thus, proanthocyanidins can be considered one of the potent representatives of complementary alternative therapy.     

Proanthocyanidin protects against cisplatin‐induced oxidative liver damage through inhibition of inflammation and NF‐κβ/TLR‐4 pathway

Although cisplatin (CIS) is a highly effective anticancer drug, hepatotoxicity is one of the most common adverse effects associated with its use. Recently, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammation are suggested to be key factors in the pathophysiology of CIS‐induced acute liver damage. The aim of this study is to investigate the possible protective effect of proanthocyanidin (PRO) against CIS‐induced acute hepatotoxicity. Rats were divided into four groups: 1, Control; 2, PRO; 3, CIS; and 4, PRO + CIS. Biochemical studies and histopathology were used to assess liver damage. ROS, inflammatory cytokines, nuclear factor kappa beta (NF‐κβ), inducible cyclooxygenase enzyme (COX‐2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), toll‐like receptor‐4 (TLR‐4) gene expression, and apoptotic markers were also assessed. PRO pretreatment protected the liver against CIS‐induced toxicity as indicated by decreased plasma levels of liver function enzymes and the normal liver histopathology observed in the PRO + CIS group. PRO pretreatment also diminished indicators of oxidative stress in the liver, including nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA). It also increased the antioxidants, reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) in the liver. Plasma interleukin‐1 beta (IL‐1β), IL‐6, and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) were all reduced. Liver gene expression of NF‐κβ, COX‐2, iNOS, and TLR‐4 were all downregulated. Furthermore, PRO administration downregulated the liver expression of the apoptotic marker, Bax, while upregulated the antiapoptotic marker, Bcl2. In conclusion, our results revealed that PRO may protect against CIS‐induced acute liver damage mainly through inhibition of ROS, inflammation, and apoptosis.     

HPLC法评估25种国产干红葡萄酒质量研究

目的对25种不同品牌、产地和年份的国产干红葡萄酒中7种活性成分(没食子酸、原儿茶酸、儿茶素、表儿茶素、原花青素B2、白藜芦醇和鞣花酸)进行HPLC法同步检测,为其质量评价提供科学依据。方法采用HPLC法测定中国干红葡萄酒中没食子酸、原儿茶酸、儿茶素、表儿茶素、原花青素B2、白藜芦醇和鞣花酸的量。色谱条件为Kromasil C18(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱,流动相为乙腈-0.1%磷酸水溶液,梯度洗脱:0～21 min,19%乙腈;21～24 min,19%～25%乙腈;24～32 min,25%～30%乙腈;32～39 min,30%～40%乙腈;39～44 min,40%～50%乙腈;44～55 min,50%～60%乙腈;55～60 min,60%～80%乙腈;60～65 min,80%～100%乙腈;65～70 min,100%乙腈;体积流量为1 mL/min;柱温25℃;检测波长为280 nm;每次进样10μL。结果实验所测中国干红葡萄酒中都含有没食子酸、原儿茶酸、儿茶素、表儿茶素、原花青素B2、白藜芦醇和鞣花酸7种活性成分,定量范围依次为31.6～111.9、3.7～11.9、30.7～71.9、30.3～135.7、29.8～82.5、0.9～12.3、1.9～23.2 mg/L。结论没食子酸、原儿茶酸、儿茶素、表儿茶素、原花青素B2、白藜芦醇和鞣花酸7种活性成分可作为国产干红葡萄酒质量评价的指标,它们的存在是干红葡萄酒品质的保障和保健作用的物质基础。