Helicobacter pylori infection,chronic atrophic gastritis and risk of stomach and esophagus cancer: Results from the prospective population-based ESTHER cohort study

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is considered as principal cause of gastric cancer. It is further associated with a reduced risk of esophageal adenocarcinomas. In a large prospective population-based cohort study including 9,949 subjects with average observation time of 13.8 years, we assessed the risk of invasive gastric and esophageal cancer according to H. pylori infection and presence of chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG). Incidence rates and hazard ratios (HR) derived by Cox proportional hazards models and adjusted for relevant confounders were derived by seroprevalence of H. pylori and cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) antibodies and presence of CAG based on serological markers at baseline, respectively. During follow-up, 30 cases of noncardia gastric cancer and 33 cases of esophageal cancer were observed. Infection by H. pylori without and with expression of CagA was associated with a 5.2-fold (95% confidence interval 1.00–27.1) and an 18.2-fold (4.3–77.4) increase of noncardia gastric cancer incidence. A 0.65-fold decreased risk of esophageal adenocarcinomas (HR 0.35, 0.12–0.97) was observed among H. pylori-infected individuals. In participants infected with CagA expressed H. pylori, the presence of mild/moderate and severe CAG was associated with a 6.4-fold (1.3–31.0) and an 11.8-fold (3.1–45.4) increase of gastric cancer incidence, respectively. The results of this prospective population-based cohort study may contribute relevant evidence to the ongoing research of H. pylori-related cancers. The results may furthermore enhance the empirical basis for risk stratification among H. pylori-infected people and for recommendations regarding H. pylori screening and treatment among older adults in a Western population.     

2010-2018年重庆市恶性肿瘤发病死亡趋势分析

目的:分析重庆市2010-2018年恶性肿瘤发病死亡变化趋势。方法:收集整理2010-2018年重庆市肿瘤登记点恶性肿瘤发病死亡资料，采用SPSS 25.0分析恶性肿瘤发病率、中国人口标化发病率、世界人口标化发病率、年龄别发病率、死亡率、中国人口标化死亡率、世界人口标化死亡率、年龄别死亡率等。男性与女性、城市与农村发病率、死亡率的比较采用χ2检验,趋势变化采用年度变化百分比（APC），对APC的检验采用t检验。结果:重庆市恶性肿瘤发病率、中标率与世标率分别由2010年的200.08/10万、147.03/10万、162.53/10万上升至2018年的289.63/10万、195.85/10万、209.74/10万，APC分别为5.02%(4.39%～5.65%)、4.29%(3.77%～4.81%)、3.87%(3.36%～4.39%)，变化趋势均有统计学意义（P＜0.01）。恶性肿瘤发病率历年均是男性高于女性（P＜0.05）。2011年与2015年城市与农村地区恶性肿瘤发病率差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05），其它年份恶性肿瘤发病率均是城市高于农村，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。男性与女性、城市与农村恶性肿瘤发病率均明显上升（P＜0.05）。2010年重庆市恶性肿瘤死亡率、中标死亡率与世标死亡率分别为152.10/10万、103.49/10万、117.91/10万,2018年死亡率、中标死亡率与世标死亡率分别为184.77/10万、110.87/10万、125.53/10万，死亡率以年均3.15%(2.33%～3.98%)上升（t=4.03,P=0.005）。恶性肿瘤死亡率历年均是男性高于女性。2010-2018年男性与女性恶性肿瘤死亡率分别以3.46%(2.63%~4.29%)与2.63%(1.92%～3.36%)上升（t=4.36,P=0.003;t=3.43,P=0.011）。2010-2018年城市地区恶性肿瘤死亡率变化趋势差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。2010-2018年农村地区恶性肿瘤死亡率以年均3.05%(2.33%～3.77%)上升（t=4.03,P=0.005）。结论:重庆市恶性肿瘤发病率与死亡率呈快速上升的趋势，应针对危险因素进行干预和普及早诊早治，降低恶性肿瘤的发病率与死亡率。     

血清Asprosin水平与绝经后女性骨密度、平衡能力和骨折发生率的相关性

目的探讨血清Asprosin(白脂素)水平与绝经后女性骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD)、平衡能力和骨折发生率的相关性。方法回顾性分析海南医学院第一附属医院收治的164例绝经后女性骨质疏松症(osteoporosis,OP)患者的临床资料。记录患者一般临床资料以及骨折发生率、髋部骨密度、平衡指数评分(BIS),前后比(FBR)和左右比例(RLR)。分析白脂素与BMD、BIS、FBR、RLR以及骨折发生率的相关性。结果非骨折组血清白脂素水平为(3.56±0.54)pg/mL,骨折组血清白脂素水平为(6.56±1.01)pg/mL,两组血清白脂素水平比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);Spearman试验结果显示,白脂素与BIS、FBR和RLR及BMD呈负相关(P<0.05);白脂素与年龄(r=0.384)、身高(r=0.343)、体质量指数(r=0.181)和髋部BMD显著相关(r=0.387),但与体重无显著相关性(r=0.022,P>0.05)。Logistic回归分析与线性回归分析显示,髋部BMD、身高、年龄和体质量指数是影响白脂素的独立因素。结论白脂素可能是绝经后女性出现骨密度降低和平衡能力下降及出现骨折的危险因子,与髋部BMD、身高、年龄和体质量指数密切相关。     

Acute Appendicitis in Pediatric Patients With Sickle Cell Disease: Lower Incidence,More Imaging,and More False-Positives

ObjectivePatients with sickle cell disease (SCD) experience recurrent pain crises, which may mimic appendicitis. A prior study found a significantly lower rate of appendicitis in patients with SCD compared with national averages. We investigate the incidence of appendicitis and number of imaging studies for appendicitis in pediatric patients with SCD.MethodsUsing a retrospective study design from a single institution, SCD and control cohorts were created. Inclusion criteria included age 0 to 21years and at least one follow-up appointment within 24 months. Length of observation was calculated from initial presentation to either inpatient admission for appendicitis or last clinic visit. Analysis of an SCD subgroup and a control subset (n = 1,596) was used to compare the number of imaging studies. Incidence rates of appendicitis and number of appendicitis studies were determined. Z-tests, binomial enumeration exact tests, and Fischer’s exact tests were used.ResultsThe SCD cohort included 1,064 patients between January 1, 2001, to December 31, 2014, and the control cohort included 115,109 patients without SCD between January 1, 2011, and December 31, 2011. Incidence rate of appendicitis per 10,000 patient-years was significantly lower in the SCD group compared with controls (2.9 cases versus 10.7 cases per 10,000 patient-years; P = .044). Additionally, the SCD group received significantly more ultrasounds (148 versus 60 per 10,000 patient-years; P < .0001) and CTs (94 versus 27 per 10,000 patient-years; P < .0001) for appendicitis, which remained significant when controlling for race. Patients with SCD also received more false-positive scans.DiscussionPatients with SCD had a significantly lower incidence of appendicitis than controls, yet had a higher number of imaging tests performed for appendicitis. Appendicitis should be viewed as a less common cause of acute abdominal pain in SCD. This consideration should help guide imaging strategy.     

Uric acid and incident chronic kidney disease in dyslipidemic individuals

Background: Elevated uric acid (UA) is a recognized risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD). This study aimed to investigate whether this association exists in dyslipidemic patients receiving multifactorial treatment.

Methods: An observational study conducted in Greece including 1,269 dyslipidemic individuals followed-up in a lipid clinic for ≥3 years. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated by CKD-EPI equation and CKD was defined as ≤60?mL/min/1.73 m². The correlation was assessed between UA levels and the CKD risk after adjusting for potential confounding factors, after defining the following UA quartiles: Q1: ?6?mg/dL.

Results: After excluding patients with baseline eGFR <60?mL/min/1.73 m², gout and those taking UA-lowering drugs, 1,095 individuals were eligible; of those, 91% and 69% were treated with statins and anti-hypertensive drugs, respectively. During their follow-up (6 years; IQR?=?4–10), 11.9% of the subjects developed CKD, whereas the median annual eGFR decline was 0.69?mL/min/1.73 m² (IQR?=?0.45–2.33). Multivariate analysis showed that baseline UA levels (HR?=?1.26; 95% CI?=?1.09–1.45, p?=?.001), female gender (HR?=?1.74; 95% CI?=?1.14–2.65, p?=?.01), age (HR?=?1.10; 95% CI?=?1.07–1.12, p?p?=?.03), cardiovascular disease (HR?=?1.62; 95% CI?=?1.02–2.58, p?=?.04), decreased baseline renal function (eGFR <90?mL/min/1.73 m²) (HR?=?2.38; 95% CI?=?1.14–4.81, p?=?.02), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction (HR?=?0.995; 95% CI?=?0.991–0.998, p?=?.01) were associated with incident CKD. Additionally, patients with UA ≥6?mg/dL exhibited a higher risk of incident CKD compared with those in the lowest UA quartile (HR?=?2.01; 95% CI?=?1.11–3.65, p?=?.02).

Conclusion: Higher UA levels are correlated with a higher risk of incident CKD in dyslipidemic individuals taking multifactorial treatment.     

Impact of different assumptions on estimates of childhood diseases obtained from health care data: A retrospective cohort study

Purpose

Accurate estimates of disease incidence in children are required to support pediatric drug development. Analysis of electronic health care records (EHR) may yield such estimates but pediatric‐specific methods are lacking. We aimed to understand the impact of assumptions regarding duration of disease episode and length of run‐in period on incidence estimates from EHRs.

Methods

Children aged 0 to 17 years (5–17 years for asthma) registered in the Integrated Primary Care Information database between 2002 and 2014 were studied. We tested the impact of the following: maximum duration of disease episode (0, 14, 30, 60, and 90 days) on recurrent diseases (acute otitis media [common] and acute pyelonephritis [rare]); and database run‐in period on chronic diseases—asthma (common) and type 1 diabetes (DM) (rare). We calculated incidence rate ratios with 95% confidence intervals and stratified using 1‐year age categories.

Results

Altogether, 503 495 children were registered. The incidence of acute otitis media was highest in <2‐year‐old children; using 30 days disease duration as reference, the rate increased with 8% if the duration was 14 days and decreased with 8% when extended to 60 days. Disease duration did not impact acute pyelonephritis (rare). No run‐in (to exclude prevalent cases) versus 24‐month run‐in period overestimated the incidence rate for asthma and DM by a factor of 2.

Conclusions

Analysis of EHR allows for estimation of disease incidence in children, but assumptions regarding episode length and run‐in period impact the incidence estimates. Such assumptions may be routinely explored.     

天津市2010-2014年急性冠心病发病者吸烟情况分析

目的 分析天津市急性冠心病事件患者中吸烟的流行特征及趋势分布。 方法 利用天津市主要慢性病发病登记监测系统中的吸烟信息,分析2010-2014年天津市急性冠心病事件的流行情况,并分析患者中吸烟与非吸烟的流行特征及趋势分布。 结果 2010-2014年间,天津市共报告居民急性冠心病事件38 805次,平均粗发病率为77.76/10万,男性(24 343人)多于女性(14 462人),且男性平均发病年龄小于女性,差异有统计学意义(t=54.31,P=0.00)。天津市急性冠心病事件的患者主要为急性心肌梗塞患者,占总发病人数的96.6%。不同性别急性心肌梗塞患者的吸烟率(男:55.0%;女:22.8%)高于冠心病猝死的患者(男:43.4%;女:12.3%),差异有统计学意义(男:χ²=48.96,P=0.00;女:χ²=52.43,P=0.00)。在冠心病猝死和急性心肌梗塞的患者中男性的吸烟率随年龄增加而呈现下降趋势,差异有统计学意义(χ²=46.56,P=0.00)。两种疾病的女性患者的吸烟率分别在>69~79和>59~69岁年龄组达到高峰,随后开始下降,仅在急性心肌梗塞患者中差异有统计学意义(χ²=112.76,P=0.00)。2010-2014年间,男性患者吸烟率整体呈现下降趋势,其中冠心病猝死患者的吸烟率下降的趋势有统计学意义(χ²=29.22,P=0.00),而女性患者吸烟率整体呈现上升趋势(χ²=10.73,P=0.00)。 结论 冠心病急性事件发病例数及发病率逐年增加,是严重危害居民健康的重要疾病。且冠心病急性事件患者的吸烟率较高,特别是60岁以下的人群,这是导致冠心病急性事件发病呈现年轻化的主要原因,因此应及时开展干预措施,降低吸烟率,提高戒烟率,应加大在女性中开展控烟宣传,以减少其吸烟相关疾病的发生。     

2011-2016年山东省梅毒流行特征及发病趋势分析

目的 分析2011-2016年山东省梅毒的流行特征,为预防梅毒的传播提供科学依据。 方法 收集山东省2011-2016年通过中国疾病预防控制信息系统上报的梅毒数据。采用描述流行病学的方法对梅毒的流行特征进行分析。 结果 2011-2016年山东省梅毒的平均年发病率为14.45/10万,时间上呈不断上升趋势(χ²_趋势=31.532,P<0.001),由2011年的8.56/10万,上升至2016年的19.75/10万,上升130.72%。山东省梅毒的构成以隐性梅毒为主,占43.07%。女性梅毒的发病率(14.86/10万)明显高于男性(13.74/10万),差异有统计学意义(χ² =36.348, P<0.001)。以35岁~年龄组为峰值,发病率最高,为23.66/10万。25~<55岁是山东省梅毒的高发年龄,发病率在14.97/10万以上。青岛、威海、烟台梅毒的发病率居全省前三位,分别为16.41/10万、15.24/10万、14.98/10万。梅毒职业分布以农民为主,占32.22%。 结论 2011-2016年山东省梅毒发病率增长迅速,控制形势仍然十分严峻。加强大众梅毒知识宣教,普及梅毒血清学筛查,对进一步降低山东省梅毒的流行具有重要意义。     

Etiology of acute viral respiratory infections common in Pakistan: A review

Respiratory infections, especially those of the lower respiratory tract, remain a foremost cause of mortality and morbidity of children greater than 5 years in developing countries including Pakistan. Ignoring these acute‐level infections may lead to complications. Particularly in Pakistan, respiratory infections account for 20% to 30% of all deaths of children. Even though these infections are common, insufficiency of accessible data hinders development of a comprehensive summary of the problem. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence rate in various regions of Pakistan and also to recognize the existing viral strains responsible for viral respiratory infections through published data. Respiratory viruses are detected more frequently among rural dwellers in Pakistan. Lower tract infections are found to be more lethal. The associated pathogens comprise respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human metapneumovirus (HMPV), coronavirus, enterovirus/rhinovirus, influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, adenovirus, and human bocavirus. RSV is more dominant and can be subtyped as RSV‐A and RSV‐B (BA‐9, BA‐10, and BA‐13). Influenza A (H1N1, H5N1, H3N2, and H1N1pdm09) and Influenza B are common among the Pakistani population. Generally, these strains are detected in a seasonal pattern with a high incidence during spring and winter time. The data presented include pneumonia, bronchiolitis, and influenza. This paper aims to emphasise the need for standard methods to record the incidence and etiology of associated pathogens in order to provide effective treatment against viral infections of the respiratory tract and to reduce death rates.