Diffuse aspiration bronchiolitis: analysis of 20 consecutive patients

OBJECTIVE:

Aspiration can cause a variety of pulmonary syndromes, some of which are not well recognized. The objective of this study was to assess the demographic, clinical, radiological, and histopathological correlates of diffuse aspiration bronchiolitis (DAB), a bronchiolocentric disorder caused by recurrent aspiration.

METHODS:

This was a retrospective study of 20 consecutive patients with DAB seen at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, between January 1, 1998 and June 30, 2014.

RESULTS:

The median age of the patients was 56.5 years (range, 22-76 years), and the male/female ratio was 2.3:1.0. In 18 patients, the diagnosis of DAB was based on the results of a lung biopsy; in the 2 remaining patients, it was based on clinical and radiological features, together with documented aspiration observed in a videofluoroscopic swallow study. In 19 patients (95%), we identified predisposing factors for aspiration, including gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), drug abuse, and dysphagia. Common presenting features included cough, sputum production, dyspnea, and fever. Twelve patients (60%) had a history of recurrent pneumonia. In all of the patients, chest CT revealed bilateral pulmonary infiltrates consisting of micronodules and tree-in-bud opacities. In the majority of patients, interventions aimed at preventing recurrent aspiration (e.g., anti-GERD therapies) led to improvement in the symptoms of DAB.

CONCLUSIONS:

Young to middle-aged subjects with recognizable predisposing factors for aspiration and who report a history of recurrent pneumonia are at increased risk for DAB. Although DAB is not well recognized, certain chest CT features are characteristic of the disorder.     

Malignant Adenomyoepithelioma of the Breast: A Review

Malignant adenomyoepithelioma (MAME) of the breast is a rare lesion characterized by dual population of epithelial and myoepithelial cells which one or both components show malignant features. We report a case of MAME of the breast in a 46‐year‐old woman diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration with extensive review of the literature. Classification, clinical presentation, cyto‐pathologic, and immunohistochemical features are described. This lesion showed both malignant components of epithelial and myoepithelial cells in cytology and histology. The malignancy was convincingly supported by high mitotic figures, pleomorphism, and invasion in tissue sections. This review of MAMEs showed that cyto‐histologic diagnosis is difficult and should be supported by immunohistochemical study.     

Impact of oral diseases on systemic health in the elderly: diabetes mellitus and aspiration pneumonia

Evidence is increasing that oral health has important impacts on systemic health. This paper presents data from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) describing the prevalence of dental caries and periodontal diseases in the older adult population. It then evaluates published reports and presents data from clinical and epidemiologic studies on relationships among oral health status, chronic oral infections (of which caries and periodontitis predominate), and certain systemic diseases, specifically focusing on type 2 diabetes and aspiration pneumonia. Both of these diseases increase in occurrence and impact in older age groups. The NHANES III data demonstrate that dental caries and periodontal diseases occur with substantial frequency and represent a burden of unmet treatment need in older adults. Our review found clinical and epidemiologic evidence to support considering periodontal infection a risk factor for poor glycemic control in type 2 diabetes; however, there is limited representation of older adults in reports of this relationship. For aspiration pneumonia, several lines of evidence support oral health status as an important etiologic factor. Additional clinical studies designed specifically to evaluate the effects of treating periodontal infection on glycemic control and improving oral health status in reducing the risk of aspiration pneumonia are warranted. Although further establishing causal relationships among a set of increasingly more frequently demonstrated associations is indicated, there is evidence to support recommending oral care regimens in protocols for managing type 2 diabetes and preventing aspiration pneumonia.     

Accidental ingestion and aspiration of root canal instruments and other dental foreign bodies in a French population

AIM: To determine the incidence of aspiration and ingestion of endodontic instruments in France during root canal treatment without using rubber dam. METHODOLOGY: Data was provided by two insurance companies representing 24,651 French general dentists over 11 years. The type and number of accidents per year, the number of dental items involved and the percentage of occurrence of either aspiration or ingestion were reported. The incidence of accidental aspiration or ingestion was calculated. The need for hospitalization to remove the endodontic instruments and other dental items was reported and compared using chi square tests. RESULTS: One endodontic instrument was aspirated and 57 were ingested. Forty-three other dental items were aspirated and 409 were ingested. For the endodontic instruments: the incidence of aspiration was 0.001 per 100,000 root canal treatments and the incidence of ingestion was 0.12 per 100,000 root canal treatments. The aspirated endodontic instruments and dental items required statistically more frequent hospitalization than the ingested items (P < 0.0001). The endodontic instruments did not require more frequent hospitalization than other dental items when aspirated (ns) and when ingested (ns). No fatal outcome was reported. CONCLUSION: The incidence of ingestion or aspiration of endodontic instruments was low even thought most general practitioners do not routinely use rubber dam. Use of rubber dam by general practitioners for endodontic procedures should be encouraged by stressing its advantages rather than the fear factor of accidents.     

右美托咪定或咪达唑仑复合羟考酮用于经支气管镜超声引导针吸活检术的麻醉效果比较

目的比较右美托咪定或咪达唑仑复合羟考酮用于经支气管镜超声引导针吸活检术(EBUS-TBNA)的镇静镇痛效果,以及对循环和呼吸功能的影响。方法选择纵隔淋巴结肿大择期行EBUS-TBNA患者60例,男33例,女27例,年龄18~65岁,BMI 18~24 kg/m^2,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机分为右美托咪定组(D组)和咪达唑仑组(M组),每组30例。入组患者均接受利多卡因口、鼻、咽部和环甲膜穿刺表面麻醉,D组于10 min内静脉泵注右美托咪定,负荷剂量为0.8μg/kg,继而以0.6μg·kg^-1·h^-1的速率维持泵入;M组以2 mg/min的速度静脉注射咪达唑仑0.05mg/kg。随后两组均静脉注射羟考酮0.08mg/kg。记录给药前(T0)、手术开始时(T1)、手术开始后5 min(T2)、10 min(T3)、15 min(T4)和术毕(T5)时的HR、SBP、DBP、SpO2,记录T1时Ramsay镇静评分、咳嗽评分,术毕时医师满意度和术后2 h患者满意度等指标。结果 T1时M组SpO2低于D组,但两组差异无统计学意义。T5时D组SBP明显低于M组(P<0.05)。与M组比较,D组Ramsay镇静评分、咳嗽评分明显降低(P<0.05),患者满意度中术中不适种类个数明显减少(P<0.05),愿意接受复查评分明显降低(P<0.05)。结论右美托咪定复合羟考酮用于EBUS-TBNA手术,患者咳嗽少,镇静适度,呼吸和循环更稳定,咪达唑仑复合羟考酮术后患者愿意接受复查的程度更高。