立体定向软通道颅内血肿清除术与内科保 守治疗高血压性脑出血疗效的Meta分析

目的 系统评价立体定向软通道颅内血肿清除术治疗高血压性脑出血的效果。
方法 计算机检索国内外数据库中关于立体定向软通道颅内血肿清除术与内科保守治疗高血压
性脑出血的随机对照试验（randomized controlled trial,RCT）,同时追索纳入文献的参考文献。检
索时限均从建库至2012年12月。根据卫生系统中证据推荐分级的评估、制订与评价（grading of
recommendations assessment,development and evaluation,GRADE）系统推荐分级方法,对纳入研究的质
量进行严格评价和资料提取,对符合质量标准的RCT进行Meta分析。统计学分析采用RevMan 5.2软件
和GRADE profiler 4.0.3软件。
结果 共纳入11个RCT。Meta分析主要结局结果显示,定向软通道颅内血肿清除术治疗高血压性
脑出血3个月内的临床疗效、病死率、发生感染、发生再出血四个方面,与传统的内科保守治疗方法
相比,其差异有显著性,优势比（odds ratio,OR）和95%可信区间（confidence interval,CI）分别为3.34
（2.13～5.22）、0.42（0.29～0.60）、0.42（0.27～0.64）、0.47（0.28～0.77）。每个结局的GRADE系统
推荐分级均为低等级。
结论 现有研究显示立体定向软通道颅内血肿清除术治疗高血压性脑出血疗效确切,3个月病死率、
发生感染及再出血并发症较传统内科保守治疗更低,临床医师在治疗高血压性脑出血时,可以把立
体定向软通道颅内血肿清除术作为一般推荐。     

Characterizing the Mechanisms of Central and Peripheral Forms of Neurostimulation in Chronic Dysphagic Stroke Patients

BackgroundSwallowing problems following stroke may result in increased risk of aspiration pneumonia, malnutrition, and dehydration.Objective/hypothesisOur hypothesis was that three neurostimulation techniques would produce beneficial effects on chronic dysphagia following stroke through a common brain mechanism that would predict behavioral response.MethodsIn 18 dysphagic stroke patients (mean age: 66 ± 3 years, 3 female, time-post-stroke: 63 ± 15 weeks [±SD]), pharyngeal electromyographic responses were recorded after single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the pharyngeal motor cortex, to measure corticobulbar excitability before, immediately, and 30 min, after real and sham applications of neurostimulation. Patients were randomized to a single session of either: pharyngeal electrical stimulation (PES), paired associative stimulation (PAS) or repetitive TMS (rTMS). Penetration-aspiration scores and bolus transfer timings were assessed before and after both real and sham interventions using videofluoroscopy.ResultsCorticobulbar excitability of pharyngeal motor cortex was beneficially modulated by PES, PAS and to a lesser extent by rTMS, with functionally relevant changes in the unaffected hemisphere. Following combining the results of real neurostimulation, an overall increase in corticobulbar excitability in the unaffected hemisphere (P = .005, F_1,17 = 10.6, ANOVA) with an associated 15% reduction in aspiration (P = .005, z = −2.79) was observed compared to sham.ConclusionsIn this mechanistic study, an increase in corticobulbar excitability the unaffected projection was correlated with the improvement in swallowing safety (P = .001, rho = −.732), but modality-specific differences were observed. Paradigms providing peripheral input favored change in neurophysiological and behavioral outcome measures in chronic dysphagia patients. Further larger cohort studies of neurostimulation in chronic dysphagic stroke are imperative.     

腹腔双套管在暂时性腹腔关闭患者创面负压吸引中的应用与护理

目的探讨腹腔双套管在暂时性腹腔关闭患者创面负压吸引中的应用与护理。方法 2011年11月至2012年10月,南京军区南京总医院普通外科收治的腹腔间室综合征行腹腔开放暂时性腹腔关闭患者29例,在创面下放置腹腔双套管,以保证有效的负压吸引,及时清除创面渗出物。护理中加强对创面放置双套管及创面覆盖网片敷料的管理,做好保暖,预防创面污染,同时加强功能锻炼和心理护理,促进患者康复。结果 29例患者创面放置腹腔双套管负压吸引时间为17~33d,平均(26.21±4.39)d,负压吸引期间均无意外发生,无一例患者因护理不当而造成不良后果,治疗均达到预期效果。结论腹腔双套管用于暂时性腹腔关闭患者创面负压吸引效果良好,能及时清除创面渗出物,有利于创面治疗和伤口愈合,值得临床护理工作借鉴。     

Shape matters in protein mobility within membranes

The lateral mobility of proteins within cell membranes is usually thought to be dependent on their size and modulated by local heterogeneities of the membrane. Experiments using single-particle tracking on reconstituted membranes demonstrate that protein diffusion is significantly influenced by the interplay of membrane curvature, membrane tension, and protein shape. We find that the curvature-coupled voltage-gated potassium channel (KvAP) undergoes a significant increase in protein mobility under tension, whereas the mobility of the curvature-neutral water channel aquaporin 0 (AQP0) is insensitive to it. Such observations are well explained in terms of an effective friction coefficient of the protein induced by the local membrane deformation.Brownian motion plays an essential role in biological processes. Since the pioneering experiments of Perrin (1), the observation of diffusing objects has emerged as a mean to extract the rheological properties of the surrounding medium or the probe particle size. The theoretical investigation of diffusion of proteins within membranes has been studied widely going back to P. G. Saffman and M. Delbrück (SD). They investigated the hydrodynamic drag acting on a membrane inclusion when the membrane is described as a 2D fluid sheet of viscosity embedded within a less viscous fluid of viscosity η (2). In this theory, the diffusion coefficient D₀ in the limit of a large viscosity contrast between the membrane and bulk fluid is given by:The length is the length scale over which flow is generated within the bilayer by the inclusion, k_BT is the thermal energy, and γ is Euler’s constant. This model predicts a logarithmic dependence of D₀ on the protein radius a_p, which has been confirmed for some in vitro experiments on membranes containing transmembrane proteins (see ref. 3 and references therein). In contrast, the experiments of Gambin et al. (4) showed significant deviations from the SD theory.A possible origin for the discrepancy observed by Gambin et al. (4) is the significant local membrane deformation due to the interaction between the inclusion and the lipid bilayer (5). Naji et al. suggested in ref. 6 that inclusions experience additional dissipation, either due to internal flows within the membrane or to additional fluid flows produced by the deformed membrane. This work triggered a number of theoretical studies investigating the coupling of inclusion proteins with the membrane that had been pioneered by the Seifert’s group (see ref. 7 and references therein). Such studies have systematically gone beyond the SD model by including additional effects (8–12). So far, a thorough verification of these ideas has not been attempted. To investigate the effect of the protein–lipid coupling on the protein mobility, we study its dependence on membrane tension, because this parameter affects the local membrane deformation.In this work, we compare the mobility of two transmembrane proteins with the same lateral size, aquaporin 0 (AQP0) and a voltage-gated potassium channel (KvAP), reconstituted in giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs). Whereas AQP0 does not deform locally the bilayer, KvAP locally bends the membrane (13). Using single-particle tracking (SPT), we demonstrate that the curvature-coupled protein KvAP undergoes a significant increase in mobility under tension, whereas the mobility of the curvature-neutral water channel AQP0 is insensitive to it. This difference, which goes beyond the SD model, is explained by an approach that includes the interplay between membrane deformation and friction with the surrounding medium and within the bilayer. This is compelling evidence that the Brownian motion of a shaping-membrane protein is not simply dependent on the inclusion size but also related to the lateral extension of the deformed membrane patch, which depends on tension.     

吸痰方法的研究现状

吸痰法是一项重要的急救护理技术,从吸痰管的选择、插管深度、吸痰负压、吸痰方法的选择、氧供和膨肺方面综述了近几年有关吸痰方法的研究情况.