超声引导下甲状腺结节细针穿刺术的个人学习曲线初步研究

目的探讨超声引导下无负压甲状腺细针穿刺细胞学（US-FNAC）的学习曲线规律及其影响因素。 方法收集分析2017年6月至2018年月6月西安交通大学医学院附属陕西省肿瘤医院由同一医师完成的135例US-FNAC患者的操作耗时及临床病例资料，将患者按手术先后分9组（A~I组），每组15例定为一手术阶段后进行两两对比分析，比较各阶段的操作耗时、并发症及操作无效率。根据得出结果将135例患者分为前、中、后（X、Y、Z）3组，比较组间差异，进一步验证结果。 结果在A组至I组进行两两对比统计学分析得出，在A~D组间操作耗时均存在统计学差异（均P<0.05），在D组与E组间出现转折即两组比较差异无统计学意义（P=0.561），而E~I组间差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。X、Y、Z 3组比较中，X组操作耗时明显长于Y组和Z组［分别为（6.23±1.38）min、（3.47±0.45）min、（3.21±0.45）min］，X组与Y组和Z组差异均有统计学意义（t=18.07、23.15，均P<0.05），Y、Z两组对比无显著差异（t=1.92，P=0.067）。随着操作例数的增加，并发症及无效操作的发生率逐渐降低。 结论对于期望熟练掌握US-FNAC技术的超声医师，遵循对操作的全面认知和科学操作步骤，在指导下开展45例左右的US-FNAC后，可望快速安全越过学习曲线转折点。     

Histological alterations following fine-needle aspiration for parathyroid adenoma: Incidence and diagnostic problems

This study aimed to clarify the histological alterations following fine-needle aspiration for parathyroid adenoma and discuss the occurrence of diagnostic problems. Among the 392 patients with parathyroid adenoma who underwent resection, fine-needle aspiration was performed for 21 (5.1%) parathyroid adenoma nodules. Histological findings that were significantly more frequent in cases that underwent fine-needle aspiration were considered histological alterations following fine-needle aspiration for parathyroid adenoma, including the following six findings: thick fibrous capsule (71.4%), multilayered fibrous capsules (14.3%), capsular pseudo-invasion (42.9%), fibrous bands (57.1%), hemosiderin deposition (14.3%), and tumor implantation (14.3%). Eighteen parathyroid adenoma nodules (85.7%) exhibited one or more of the six findings. Tumor cells and adipocytes entrapped within the thick fibrous capsule were occasionally observed. The fibrous bands were frequently connected to the thick fibrous capsule. The number of passes, duration between fine-needle aspiration and resection, tumor size, and purpose of fine-needle aspiration were not related to the incidence of histological findings. Because of the histological alterations following fine-needle aspiration for parathyroid adenoma that can be easily mistaken for signs of atypical adenoma or parathyroid carcinoma, we recommend that the six findings be excluded from pathological findings indicating atypical adenoma or parathyroid carcinoma in patients with preoperative fine-needle aspiration.     

Pre-operative Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Axillary Lymph Nodes in Breast Cancer Patients: For Which Group Still of Additional Value and in Which Group Cause for Special Attention?

A non-invasive and widely available method for pre-operative evaluation of the axilla is axillary ultrasonography (US). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of axillary US and fine-needle aspiration cytology in a large cohort of breast cancer patients. The sensitivity and specificity of US and fine-needle aspiration cytology in our cohort of 1124 patients were 42.2% and 97.1%, respectively. As the number of axillary nodes increased, sensitivity increased. The percentage of false-negative US results was 18.9%; patients in this subgroup were significantly younger, had larger tumors, more often had lymph vascular invasion and were more likely to have estrogen receptor-positive tumors. Ultrasonography in combination with fine-needle aspiration cytology is useful in the pre-operative workup of breast cancer patients, especially patients with three or more nodal metastases. Special attention should be paid to younger women with larger tumors in whom a larger percentage of false-negative results are obtained.     

全肺灌洗术治疗重症误吸的临床研究

目的探讨全肺灌洗术(WLL)治疗重症误吸(SA)的有效性与安全性。方法回顾分析我院收治并分别接受WLL和经支气管镜肺泡灌洗术(BAL)治疗的33例SA患者,WLL组20例,BAL组13例,比较2种不同方法治疗SA的有效性、安全性和经济性。结果 12组患者咳嗽、咯痰、气喘、发热的临床症状经WLL和BAL治疗后均有好转,WLL组患者临床症状好转速度、程度优于BAL组;2炎症指标:WLL组患者在治疗前、治疗后1 d、7 d分别测血白细胞(WBC)为13.34±3.48 vs.9.56±2.23 vs.6.61±1.12(109/L);中性粒细胞(NG)百分比值为85.22±4.70 vs.80.45±4.85 vs.69.45±4.10(%);C反应蛋白(CRP)值为106.83±30.05 vs.60.06±20.50 vs.20.87±6.67(mg/L);降钙素(PCT)值为2.75±0.59 vs.1.73±0.29 vs.0.51±0.19(μg/L);γ-干扰素(γ-IFN)值为105.40±18.58 vs.90.78±19.78 vs.37.44±7.54(ng/L),治疗1 d较治疗前、治疗7 d较治疗1 d时,各指标测值均有明显下降,其差异有明显统计学意义(P0.01);BAL组同期测值亦呈类似变化,具体测值分别为:WBC:11.60±3.28 vs.10.34±1.53 vs.7.85±1.73(109/L);NG:86.38±4.93 vs.85.00±4.83 vs.76.15±5.67(%);CRP:115.98±33.45 vs.97.93±6.49 vs.31.03±17.7(mg/L);PCT:2.58±0.64 vs.2.08±0.57 vs.0.59±0.15(μg/L);γ-IFN:105.00±22.13 vs.96.37±18.14 vs.39.17±4.43(ng/L);惟术后1 d时测WBC、γ-IFN较治疗前无明显差异(P0.05);3动脉血气:WLL组患者在治疗前、治疗后1 d、7 d分别测动脉血氧分压(Pa O2)值为53.72±3.93 vs.70.39±5.69 vs.81.49±6.44(mm Hg);动脉血二氧化碳分压(Pa CO2)为51.54±6.06 vs.47.48±3.22 vs.44.35±3.22(mm Hg);动脉血氧饱和度(Sa O2)值为:86.66±2.54 vs.91.80±1.04 vs.96.31±0.80(%)。治疗1 d、7 d较治疗前均有下降,差异有明显统计学意义(P0.01);BAL组同期测值亦呈相似变化:PO2:53.26±3.63 vs.63.41±3.98 vs.81.66±3.14(mm Hg);PCO2:49.86±6.16 vs.47.60±2.08 vs.42.84±3.00(mm Hg);Sa O2:86.70±2.23 vs.87.46±2.19 vs.95.80±1.04(%);4WLL组治疗后7 d测用力肺活量(FVC):(3.97±0.17)L;第1s用力呼气量(FEV1.0):(3.32±0.16)L.S;一氧化碳弥散量(DLco):(19.26±1.15)ml·min-1·mm Hg-1,与术前相应的FVC:(3.13±0.14)L;FEV 1.0:(2.17±0.24)L;DLco:(15.31±0.74)ml·min-1·mm Hg-1比较,均有明显升高,差异有明显统计学意义(P0.01);BAL组呈现类似改变:FVC:3.14±0.15 vs.3.99±0.16(L);FEV1.0:2.16±0.13 vs.3.07±0.17(L);Dlco:14.99±0.90 vs.18.38±1.34(ml·min-1·mm Hg-1),治疗后测值较治疗前有明显好转(P0.01);5WLL组术后第7天胸部CT评价疗效:Ⅰ级,0例;Ⅱ级,5例;Ⅲ级,13例;Ⅳ级,2例;总有效率为75.0%;BAL组总有效率69.2%;6WLL术后深部痰培养提示病原菌清除17例,未清除2例,菌交替2例,总清除率约85.0(17/20);BAL组总清除率76.9%;7WLL组治疗后出现并发症有:支气管痉挛1例,声带水肿1例;BAL组支气管痉挛2例,声带水肿1例,呼吸功能延迟恢复1例;8WLL组的住院时间短于BAL组,住院费用少于BAL组,两组差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 WLL和BAL治疗SA,2种疗法均能缓解SA患者临床症状,降低炎症反应,改善呼吸功能,但WLL组相对BAL组而言可更快改善症状、有效降低炎性反应,清除病原菌;安全性和经济性优于BAL组,可作为临床治疗SA的一种有效、独特、安全的疗法。