Cost-effectiveness of maternal immunization against neonatal invasive Group B Streptococcus in the Netherlands

BackgroundNeonatal invasive Group B Streptococcus (GBS) infection causes considerable disease burden in the Netherlands. Intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP) prevents early-onset disease (EOD), but has no effect on late-onset disease (LOD). A potential maternal GBS vaccine could prevent both EOD and LOD by conferring immunity in neonates.ObjectiveExplore under which circumstances maternal vaccination against GBS would be cost-effective as an addition to, or replacement for the current risk factor-based IAP prevention strategy in the Netherlands.MethodsWe assessed the maximum cost-effective price per dose of a trivalent (serotypes Ia, Ib, and III) and hexavalent (additional serotypes II, IV, and V) GBS vaccine in addition to, or as a replacement for IAP. To project the prevented costs and disease burden, a decision tree model was developed to reflect neonatal GBS disease and long-term health outcomes among a cohort based on 169,836 live births in the Netherlands in 2017.ResultsUnder base-case conditions, maternal immunization with a trivalent vaccine would gain 186 QALYs and prevent more than €3.1 million in health care costs when implemented in addition to IAP. Immunization implemented as a replacement for IAP would gain 88 QALYs compared to the current prevention strategy, prevent €1.5 million in health care costs, and avoid potentially ~ 30,000 IAP administrations. The base-case results correspond to a maximum price of €58 per dose (vaccine + administration costs; using a threshold of €20,000/QALY). Expanding the serotype coverage to a hexavalent vaccine would only have a limited additional impact on the cost-effectiveness in the Netherlands.ConclusionsA maternal GBS vaccine could be cost-effective when implemented in addition to the current risk factor-based IAP prevention strategy in the Netherlands. Discontinuation of IAP would save costs and prevent antibiotic use, however, is projected to lead to a lower health gain compared to vaccination in addition to IAP.     

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情期间脑血管病住院医师网络教学效果评价与分析

目的 本研究对疫情期间通过网络教学实施的新型冠状病毒相关内容培训进行效果评价，并对网 络教学实践过程进行总结分析，为脑血管病住院医师规范化培训网络教学的开展及教学质量提高 提供参考。 方法 组织2017-2019级脑血管病住院医师进行新型冠状病毒相关内容网络教学培训，培训内容 包括操作规范、病毒知识与防控要点、诊断与治疗、诊疗流程等。采用自身对照研究的方法，通过对 比住院医师培训前后两次考核成绩对实施的网络教学进行效果评价。 结果 共189名脑血管病住院医师参加培训及考核。根据培训前后考试成绩的差异性分析结果，培 训后辅助检查、院感、诊断与治疗、防控、诊疗流程五项内容分数及总分均高于培训前（均P＜0.001）。 根据广义方程模型分析结果，校正学历和规培年限等因素后，培训后考试总分较培训前高9.14分 （95%CI 7.22～11.06，P＜0.001）。 结论 脑血管病住院医师网络教学培训效果较好，教学管理者需要充分发挥网络教学的优势，规 避劣势，将网络教学纳入脑血管病住院医师常态化教学活动。     

泄浊消癥法治疗晚期糖尿病肾脏病的临床研究

背景 糖尿病肾脏病（DKD）的发病率逐年升高，已成为全世界终末期肾病的主要病因。然而DKD起病隐匿，进入临床蛋白尿期后进展迅速，当肾功能明显受损后，常规治疗难以延缓疾病进展。因此，探究能够延缓晚期DKD疾病进展的切实有效的治疗方法是亟待解决的临床问题。王耀献教授针对DKD晚期浊毒与癥瘕为主的病机特点，提出泄浊消癥法治疗晚期DKD，在临床实践中取得了良好疗效。 目的 以"伏热"理论和"肾络癥瘕"理论为基础，探讨泄浊消癥法治疗晚期DKD的临床疗效。 方法 采用基于真实世界的前瞻性队列研究设计，2016—2020年，于北京中医药大学东直门医院、中国中医科学院广安门医院、首都医科大学附属北京中医医院、中国中医科学院望京医院、中国中医科学院西苑医院、北京市中西医结合医院、北京市房山区中医医院就诊并符合本课题纳入标准的DKD患者为研究对象，以泄浊消癥法作为暴露因素，分为对照组和试验组。对照组予西医基础治疗，试验组在西医基础治疗的基础上联合泄浊消癥法治疗。观察周期为24周，分别于0、4、12、24周时检测两组血肌酐（Scr）、尿素氮（BUN）、24小时尿蛋白定量（24 hUTP）、总胆固醇（TC），计算估算肾小球滤过率（eGFR），记录中医症状积分；于0、12、24周时检测两组糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）。记录试验期间记录不良事件，评价安全性。 结果 本研究共59例患者完成试验，其中试验组36例、对照组23例。时间对两组受试者eGFR、Scr、BUN水平主效应显著（P<0.05）。组间与时间对两组受试者中医症状积分变化存在交互作用（P<0.05）。组内比较发现，相较于0周，对照组在24周时Scr水平、中医症状积分升高，在12周和24周时BUN水平升高（P<0.05）；相较于0周，试验组在4周时eGFR水平升高（P<0.05）。组间比较发现，24周时试验组eGFR水平高于对照组，Scr、BUN水平和中医症状积分低于对照组（P<0.05）。对照组不良事件发生率为21.74%（5/23），试验组不良事件发生率为8.33%（3/36），两组间不良事件发生率比较，差异无统计学意义（χ2=2.15，P=0.14）。 结论 在晚期DKD治疗中，泄浊消癥法联合西医常规治疗相较于单纯西医常规治疗在延缓eGFR降低，减缓Scr、BUN水平升高，保护肾脏功能，降低热证积分，改善中医症状方面具有优势，能够提高临床疗效。     

Cost-Effectiveness of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation versus Antidepressant Therapy for Treatment-Resistant Depression

BackgroundRepetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) therapy is a clinically safe, noninvasive, nonsystemic treatment for major depressive disorder.ObjectiveWe evaluated the cost-effectiveness of rTMS versus pharmacotherapy for the treatment of patients with major depressive disorder who have failed at least two adequate courses of antidepressant medications.MethodsA 3-year Markov microsimulation model with 2-monthly cycles was used to compare the costs and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) of rTMS and a mix of antidepressant medications (including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, tricyclics, noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors). The model synthesized data sourced from published literature, national cost reports, and expert opinions. Incremental cost-utility ratios were calculated, and uncertainty of the results was assessed using univariate and multivariate probabilistic sensitivity analyses.ResultsCompared with pharmacotherapy, rTMS is a dominant/cost-effective alternative for patients with treatment-resistant depressive disorder. The model predicted that QALYs gained with rTMS were higher than those gained with antidepressant medications (1.25 vs. 1.18 QALYs) while costs were slightly less (AU $31,003 vs. AU $31,190). In the Australian context, at the willingness-to-pay threshold of AU $50,000 per QALY gain, the probability that rTMS was cost-effective was 73%. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the superiority of rTMS in terms of value for money compared with antidepressant medications.ConclusionsAlthough both pharmacotherapy and rTMS are clinically effective treatments for major depressive disorder, rTMS is shown to outperform antidepressants in terms of cost-effectiveness for patients who have failed at least two adequate courses of antidepressant medications.     

心血管护理中舒适护理的临床应用效果分析

目的观察舒适护理应用在心血管护理的有效性。方法抽取2013年10月~2015年5月于我院接受治疗的92例心血管患者,分成观察组与对照组,对照组采用常规护理,观察组在常规护理基础上联合舒适护理干预,对比护理满意率。结果观察组满意率为97.82%,对照组满意率为76.08%,观察组护理满意率较高,P0.05,差异具有统计学意义。结论舒适护理应用于心血管护理工作中,可提高护理满意率和治疗效果。     

问题管理模式在外籍患者跨文化护理中的应用

目的探讨问题管理模式对提高外籍患者跨文化护理质量的作用。方法采用自行设计的"护理外籍患者面临的困难问题"调查问卷,对上海市2所综合性医院的60名护士进行调查,同时应用"外籍患者跨文化护理需求及评价问卷"对256例外籍患者进行调查。针对存在的共性问题,如护士语言交流障碍、隐私保护不够、宗教信仰知识缺乏、饮食习惯不了解、尊重风俗禁忌不够、社交礼仪不了解、跨文化护理理论知识缺乏7个问题,对护士实施跨文化护理问题管理措施干预,包括跨文化护理理论知识系列培训、保护隐私制度及尊重宗教信仰实施细则等规范的实施、跨文化护理质量监控及预警等,进行为期1年的培训及管理干预。干预后再次抽取198例外籍患者进行调查。结果干预后护士护理外籍患者面临的困难问题显著少于干预前,护理外籍患者案例考核评分显著高于干预前(P0.05,P0.01);干预后外籍患者对跨文化护理服务存在的问题显著少于干预前,对护理服务满意度评分显著高于干预前(P0.05,P0.01)。结论问题管理模式在外籍患者跨文化护理管理中的应用,可有效提高患者的满意度及跨文化护理的服务质量。     

Gastrointestinal cancer screening: screening may release new research funding to improve health service also in routine clinics

Abstract

We are far from having seen the ideal method of screening for colorectal cancer (CRC) and the downsides of screening have not been fully addressed. Funding of adequately sized screening trials with a 10–15-year perspective for endpoints CRC mortality and incidence is difficult to get. Also, with such time horizons, there will always be an ongoing study to be awaited before feeling obliged to invest in the next. New, promising screening methods may, however, emerge far more often than every 10th year, and the knowledge gap may easily widen unless research is made a key responsibility for any ongoing cancer screening program. Previous lost battles on screening research may be won if accepting that scientific evidence may be obtained within the framework of screening programs – provided that they are designed as platforms for Comparative Effectiveness Research (CER). Accepting that CER-based screening programs should be preferred to non-CER programs and seriously compete for their funding sources, then CER screening programs may not be considered so much as contenders for ordinary clinical research funds. Also, CER within a screening framework may benefit patients in routine clinics as shown by screening research in Nordic countries. The Nordic countries have been early contributors to research on CRC screening, but slow in implementing screening programs.     

How do I do it: Continuous local anesthetic infusion for children with spinal dysraphism undergoing major reconstruction of the lower urinary tract

Postoperative pain control is a fundamental aspect of contemporary pediatric surgery. While many options for analgesia are available to the general patient population, choices are limited for individuals with spinal dysraphism who undergo major urologic procedures. Continuous infusion of local anesthetics has been shown to improve postoperative pain scores and decreases the need for systemic analgesia. We present our technique for continuous local anesthetic infusion utilizing readily available equipment with limited additional cost.