卵巢早衰患者血清抗苗勒管激素水平测定及其临床意义

目的探讨卵巢早衰患者血清抗苗勒管激素（AMH）水平的变化及其临床意义。方法卵巢早衰患者25例,酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）检测其血清AMH水平。20例健康妇女做为正常对照。结果卵巢早衰患者血清AMH水平明显低于正常对照组（P〈0．01）,其中有20例患者血清AMH水平为0pmol／L。对另5例血清中测得AMH的卵巢早衰患者做人工周期,再hMG／hCG促排卵,其中2例有卵泡发育,1例妊娠。结论卵巢早衰患者血清AMH水平明显下降或测不到,测定患者血清AMH水平对诊断卵巢早衰及指导治疗具有一定意义。     

Forskolin increases apical sodium conductance in cultured toad kidney cells (A6) by stimulating membrane insertion

The role of membrane traffic in the stimulation of apical Na⁺ permeability caused by increases in cytoplasmic cyclic AMP was assessed by measuring the effects of forskolin on transepithelial capacitance (C _T), transepithelial conductance (G _T), and short-circuit current (I _sc) in A6 cultured toad kidney cells. Apical water permeability was probed by recording cell volume changes after reducing the osmolality of the apical bath. We found that forskolin does not increase the osmotic water permeability of the apical membrane of A6 cells, and thus does not stimulate the insertion of water channels. Comparison of the effects of forskolin and insulin on Na⁺ transport demonstrated that both agents produce reversible increases in C _T, G _T and I _sc. G _T and C _T increased proportionally during the rising phase of the insulin response. However, a non-linear relationship between both parameters was recorded when forskolin was given in NaCl Ringer’s solution. The relationship between C _T and G _T became linear after the effects of forskolin on Cl^– conductances were eliminated by substituting Cl^– by an impermeant anion. In contrast, in Cl^–-containing Na⁺-free solutions, the non-linearity became more pronounced. Successive additions of insulin and forskolin caused additive increases in C _T. Because increases in C _T and Na⁺ transport occurred in the absence of stimulation of water permeability and increases of C _T and G _T were directly proportional when Na⁺ was the major permeating ion across the apical membrane, we suggest that the increase in apical Na⁺ permeability in the presence of either forskolin or insulin is due to the insertion of channels residing in intracellular pools. In contrast, the increased Cl^– permeability caused by forskolin may be related to the activation of channels already present in the membrane. Received: 28 October 1998 / Received after revision: 19 January 1999 / Accepted: 11 February 1999     

A neuroendocrine account of facial mimicry and its dynamic modulation

Facial expressions are considered central in conveying information about one’s emotional state. During social encounters, facial expressions of another individual are often automatically imitated by the observer, a process referred to as ‘facial mimicry’. This process is assumed to facilitate prosocial behaviour and is thought to rely on the mirror neuron system, known for its involvement in both observation and execution of motor actions. However, recent studies have revealed mimicry to be a more dynamic process than previously conceptualized, leaving mere perception-action coupling insufficient to explain its behavioural flexibility. In the current review, we describe the consequences of these findings for the theoretical conceptualization of facial mimicry, and present a novel neuroendocrine model for the dynamic modulation of facial mimicry. Our model can guide research on the communicative function of facial expressions and can provide insight into the position of facial mimicry in theoretical models of empathy and social interaction.     

TFOS DEWS II Sex,Gender, and Hormones Report

One of the most compelling features of dry eye disease (DED) is that it occurs more frequently in women than men. In fact, the female sex is a significant risk factor for the development of DED. This sex-related difference in DED prevalence is attributed in large part to the effects of sex steroids (e.g. androgens, estrogens), hypothalamic-pituitary hormones, glucocorticoids, insulin, insulin-like growth factor 1 and thyroid hormones, as well as to the sex chromosome complement, sex-specific autosomal factors and epigenetics (e.g. microRNAs).In addition to sex, gender also appears to be a risk factor for DED. “Gender” and “sex” are words that are often used interchangeably, but they have distinct meanings. “Gender” refers to a person’s self-representation as a man or woman, whereas “sex” distinguishes males and females based on their biological characteristics. Both gender and sex affect DED risk, presentation of the disease, immune responses, pain, care-seeking behaviors, service utilization, and myriad other facets of eye health.Overall, sex, gender and hormones play a major role in the regulation of ocular surface and adnexal tissues, and in the difference in DED prevalence between women and men. The purpose of this Subcommittee report is to review and critique the nature of this role, as well as to recommend areas for future research to advance our understanding of the interrelationships between sex, gender, hormones and DED.     

卵泡发育过程中的Wnt信号通路

Wnt蛋白与细胞膜上相应受体结合,引起胞质中β-catenin集聚并向核内转移,激活下游相关靶基因的转录。该信号通路是调节卵泡生长发育的一个关键途径。Wnt2影响β-catenin的细胞定位来调节颗粒细胞的增殖;Wnt4是一个多功能因子,在卵泡发育的许多阶段都有表达并通过多种途径来调节卵泡的生长、发育和成熟。受体Fzd1调节卵丘扩展相关因子的表达。β-catenin还参与合成卵巢甾体激素和黄体的生成。该通路受损时,会引起卵巢早衰、诱发颗粒细胞肿瘤、排卵障碍和黄体功能不足等。阐述经典的Wnt信号通路及其在调节卵泡发育过程中的作用及其分子机制。     

Value of serum IgG combined with IgE in predicting steroid therapy response in children with primary nephrotic syndrome

Objective To observe the value of serum IgG combined with IgE in the diagnosis of steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS) children. Methods Children with primary nephrotic syndrome diagnosed in Beijing Children's Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University from January 2018 to March 2019 were enrolled. According to the 4 weeks steroid therapy, the patients were divided into steroid sensitive group and steroid resistance group. The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was used to analyze the diagnostic value of serum IgG combined with IgE for SSNS. Results There were no significant differences in age, gender, course of the disease, hemoglobin, platelet, urea nitrogen, creatinine, albumin, globulin, 24 h urine protein, IgA level, IgM level and hematuria between steroid sensitive group and steroid resistance group (all P＞0.05). There were significant differences in C3, IgG and IgE levels (all P＜0.05). ROC curve analysis showed that the cut-off values of IgG and IgE in the diagnosis of SSNS were 2.57 g/L (AUC=0.717, 95%CI 0.623-0.812, P＜0.001) and 174.3 IU/ml (AUC=0.828, 95%CI 0.751-0.905, P＜0.001). The area under the ROC curve for IgG＜2.57 g/L in combination with IgE＞174.3 IU/ml in the diagnosis of SSNS was 0.904 (95%CI 0.834-0.953, P＜0.001). Logistic regression showed that children who met both IgG＜2.57 g/L and IgE＞174.3 IU/ml were 51.00 times more likely to have SSNS than those who did not (P＜0.001). Conclusion IgG combined with IgE can be used as a simple and practical clinical marker for predicting SSNS.     

The influence of endogenous estrogen on high-frequency prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation

BackgroundThe use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) as both therapeutic and experimental tools has grown enormously over the past decade. However, variability in response to rTMS is one challenge that remains to be solved. Estrogen can impact neural plasticity and may also affect plastic changes following rTMS. The present study investigated whether estrogen levels influence the neurophysiological effects of high-frequency (HF) rTMS in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC).HypothesisIt was hypothesised that individuals with higher endogenous estrogen would demonstrate greater rTMS-induced changes in cortical reactivity.Methods29 healthy adults (15M/14F) received HF-rTMS over left DLPFC. Females attended two sessions, one during a high-estrogen (HE) phase of the menstrual cycle, another during a low-estrogen (LE) phase. Males attended one session. Estrogen level was verified via blood assay. TMS-EEG was used to probe changes in cortical plasticity and comparisons were made using cluster-based permutation statistics and Bayesian analysis.ResultsIn females, a significant increase in TMS-evoked P60 amplitude, and decrease in N45, N100 and P180 amplitudes was observed during HE. A less pervasive pattern of change was observed during LE. No significant changes in TEPs were seen in males. Between-condition comparisons revealed higher likelihood of the change in N100 and/or P180 being larger in females during HE compared to both females during LE and males.ConclusionsThese preliminary findings indicate that a greater neuroplastic response to prefrontal HF-rTMS is seen in women when estrogen is at its highest compared to men, suggesting that endogenous estrogen levels contribute to variability in response to HF-rTMS.     

The Amsterdam Cohort of Gender Dysphoria Study (1972–2015): Trends in Prevalence,Treatment, and Regrets

Background

Over the past decade, the number of people referred to gender identity clinics has rapidly increased. This raises several questions, especially concerning the frequency of performing gender-affirming treatments with irreversible effects and regret from such interventions.

动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者血清垂体激素含量变化的动态研究

目的：研究动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)患者血清促肾上腺皮质激素（ACTH）、促甲状腺激素（TSH）、卵泡刺激素（FSH）、黄体生成素（LH）、泌乳素（PRL）、生长激素（GH）浓度的动态变化规律。方法：对35例动脉瘤性SAH患者发病后1～3?d、7～9?d、13～15?d血清ACTH、TSH、FSH、LH、PRL、GH进行动态观察, 用TCD检测大脑中动脉血流速度(VMCA)。结果：动脉瘤性SAH患者血清ACTH、TSH、FSH、LH、PRL、GH发病后1～3?d、7～9?d各均值明显高于对照组（P均＜0.05）,尤以发病后7～9?d变化最明显（P＜0.01）;脑血管痉挛组较非脑血管痉挛组也有明显差异（P＜0.05）。结论：动脉瘤性SAH患者血清ACTH、TSH、FSH、LH、GH、PRL含量与病情演变、脑血管痉挛程度有关。