肿瘤患者发生化疗诱导性恶心呕吐的危险因素分析

目的探讨肿瘤患者发生化疗诱导性恶心呕吐的危险因素,以期为筛选高危患者和制定预防措施提供临床依据。方法2012年1月至2013年5月,采用便利抽样法选取龙游县人民医院恶性肿瘤患者345名为研究对象,采用一般资料调查量表、状态-特质焦虑量表(statetrait anxiety inventory,STAI)和症状困扰量表(the symptom distress scale,SDS),对其进行调查,并采用单因素和Logistic回归分析法分析。结果 345名患者中有240例发生恶心呕吐,发生率为60.57%。单因素分析显示,不同年龄、性别、化疗周期、有无恶心呕吐史、焦虑、疼痛和是否应用铂类化疗药的患者,其诱导性恶心呕吐发生率的差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示,年龄、女性、恶心呕吐史、焦虑、疼痛、应用铂类化疗药和化疗周期是恶心呕吐发生的危险因素。结论化疗诱导性恶心呕吐的发生与多种因素有关,化疗前采取一定的预防措施可降低其发生率,保证化疗的顺利进行并提高患者的生活质量。     

“八法皆通”论

病分百种,治有八法,通寓八法,八法皆通,临证以汗为通,以吐为通,以下为通,以和为通,以温为通,以消为通,以清为通,以补为通。故凡诸病者,症见不通,治宜以通为先。     

子午流注择时温和灸联合中药敷脐防治化疗所致胃部不良反应的临床研究

  目的：观察子午流注择时温和灸联合中药敷脐防治胃肠道恶性肿瘤化疗所致胃部不良反应的临床疗效。  方法：将120例胃肠道恶性肿瘤化疗患者随机分为对照组和观察组,每组60例。对照组患者在化疗期间常规给予制酸剂和止吐药物,观察组在对照组干预措施基础上,根据子午流注择时给予温和灸法和中药敷脐;观察两组患者胃部不良反应情况。  结果：化疗期间,观察组、对照组恶心、呕吐及食欲减退等胃部不良反应发生率分别为51.7%和80.0%,观察组胃部不良反应发生率及胃部症状分级均低于对照组(P<0.05)。  结论：子午流注择时温和灸联合中药敷脐能有效防治胃肠道肿瘤化疗所致的恶心、呕吐及食欲不振等胃部反应。     

Panayiotopoulos syndrome and diffuse paroxysms as the first EEG manifestation at clinical onset: a study of nine patients

Aim. To present a retrospective study of nine children with Panayiotopoulos syndrome associated with diffuse spikes and waves as the sole EEG manifestation at onset. Methods. Charts of children with typical clinical criteria of Panayiotopoulos syndrome, electroclinically followed between February 2000 and February 2012, were reviewed. Results. Among 150 patients who met the electroclinical criteria of Panayiotopoulos syndrome, we identified nine children who presented with the typical clinical manifestations but who, on EEG, only had diffuse paroxysms at onset that continued along the course of the syndrome. In three, in addition to the diffuse paroxysms, focal spikes appeared later. From a clinical point of view, other features were otherwise unremarkable. Diffuse spike‐and‐wave discharges were observed in all patients when awake and during sleep (100%). Later, three children also had focal spikes during sleep, which were occipital in one, frontal in one, and temporo‐occipital in the remaining patient. Spikes were activated by sleep in all three cases. During disease evolution, no particular electroclinical pattern was observed. Two patients who received clobazam and carbamazepine, respectively, did not respond well to the drugs and valproic acid was added with excellent seizure control. Outcome was good. Conclusions. We present evidence that patients with Panayiotopoulos syndrome may have diffuse discharges at onset as the sole EEG manifestation, which last throughout the course of the syndrome. In some, focal paroxysms developed later. The course was benign. In our group of patients, clinical features and evolution were similar to those of typical cases of Panayiotopoulos syndrome.     

奥氮平治疗化疗所致恶心、呕吐疗效及副反应的关系研究

目的:研究不同奥氮平单次给药剂量疗效及不良反应,探讨最佳用药剂量。方法:75例接受中、高度致吐性化疗药物的患者随机分为5组:对照组和4个不同奥氮平剂量组(A、B、C、D奥氮平用药剂量分别为2.5,5,7.5,10mg)。用药时间与化疗时间一致,观察恶心、呕吐的发生率及不良反应。结果:对照组恶心、呕吐的发生率最高,随奥氮平剂量递增,恶心、呕吐发生率递减,但不良反应亦递增。结论:奥氮平对化疗所致恶心、呕吐的缓解存在剂量依赖,增加剂量可以提高疗效,但不良反应亦随着增加。治疗时应对患者的焦虑、抑郁、睡眠质量进行评估,个体化用药。     

Postoperative nausea and vomiting – a narrative review of pathophysiology,pharmacotherapy and clinical management strategies

Introduction: Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) are common complications concerning patients undergoing general anesthesia. Intensive research was performed during the last two decades in order to develop therapeutic and prophylactic strategies to prevent this complication.

Areas covered: This article reviews the pathophysiology as well as pharmacological aspects of PONV prophylaxis and treatment. Relevant strategic aspects for pharmacological prophylaxis of PONV are discussed and clinical standard operating procedures are presented.

Expert opinion: The expert opinion focuses on poor implementation of actual PONV guidelines and future considerations.     

健脾和胃降逆止呕中药内服加穴位贴敷治疗妊娠恶阻脾胃虚弱证的临床研究

【目的】观察健脾和胃降逆止呕中药穴位贴敷治疗妊娠恶阻的临床疗效。【方法】将122例妊娠恶阻脾胃虚弱证患者随机分为观察组63例和对照组59例,对照组2例中途退出,最终纳入57例。对照组采用健脾和胃降逆止呕中药内服、静脉输液、饮食起居护理与情志调护,观察组在对照组治疗的基础上加用健脾和胃降逆止呕中药穴位贴敷。每日1次,4d为1个疗程,连续治疗2个疗程。观察2组妊娠恶阻临床症状的改善情况,比较2组临床疗效,并评价其安全性。【结果】（1）观察组总有效率为96.8%,显著优于对照组的71.9%（P＜0.01）;（2）观察组呕吐症状消失所需时间显著少于对照组（P＜0.01）;（3）治疗过程中,2组均无明显不良反应情况发生。【结论】健脾和胃降逆止呕中药穴位贴敷可显著提高妊娠恶阻的临床疗效,联合中药内服、静脉输液、饮食起居护理与情志调护可达最佳治疗效果。     

按揉背俞穴减轻化疗后病人恶心与呕吐的研究

[目的]观察按揉背俞穴对化疗后病人恶心、呕吐发生频率和程度的影响。[方法]选取2011年1月—2012年6月在本院肿瘤外科及妇科住院行化疗且方案中使用铂类药物的60例病人,皆签署知情同意书愿意配合本研究,采用随机数字表分为两组,对照组和试验组各30例,对照组行常规护理,试验组在对照组基础上予病人按揉背俞穴,观察两组病人恶心、呕吐、干呕发生的频率和程度。[结果]化疗后两组病人恶心、呕吐、干呕发生的频率和程度比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。[结论]按揉背俞穴能减轻化疗后病人恶心、呕吐、干呕发生的频率和程度。