安徽省中小学生营养不良患病率调查

目的 调查分析安徽省中小学生营养不良的患病率及分布特征,为改善中小学生营养状况提供参考。方法 应用多阶段分层整群抽样调查方法,2014年9-11月抽取安徽省3个城市(合肥、池州、宿州)7~17岁中小学生共计9 980名进行营养不良患病率的横断面调查,对学生进行体格检查,获得身高体重等资料,分析不同性别、不同年龄组及城乡之间中小学生的营养不良患病率。结果 安徽省中小学生营养不良患病率为13.25%,生长迟缓、轻度消瘦、中重度消瘦患病率分别为3.49%、5.61%、4.16%。男生营养不良患病率(14.65%)显著高于女生(11.99%),差异有统计学意义(χ²=15.334,P<0.01)。乡村中小学生营养不良患病率(15.10%)高于城市(11.28%),差异有统计学意义(χ²=31.608,P<0.01)。结论 安徽省7~17岁中小学生营养不良患病率较高,城乡之间存在差异。应关注中小学生的营养状况,加强健康教育,促进中小学生健康成长。     

维持性腹膜透析治疗尿毒症的营养和代谢评价

本研究评价了１４例维持性腹膜透析治疗患者的营养和代谢状态。与正常人相比，患者的体重、理想体重百分率和血白蛋白显著降低，血糖、血甘油三酯和胆固醇显著增高。根据体重和白蛋白标准，患者营养不良发生率分别是５７．１４％和８９．７１％，１４例患者中有５例高甘油三酯血症，３例高胆固醇血症，１例高血糖。血肌酐水平同体重之间存在显著负相关（ｒ＝－０．４７６）．提示维持性腹膜透析治疗的尿毒症，存在高发生率的营养代谢异常。临床肾科工作者应加以预防和治疗，以延长患者的生存期和提高生存质量。     

Tackling the Urban Health Divide Though Enabling Intersectoral Action on Malnutrition in Chile and Kenya

As momentum grows for a sustainable urbanisation goal in the post-2015 development agenda, this paper reports on an action research study that sought to tackle the urban health divide by enabling intersectoral action on social determinants at the local level. The study was located in the cities of Mombasa in Kenya and Valparaíso in Chile, and the impact of the intervention on child nutrition was evaluated using a controlled design. The findings showed that an action research process using the social educational process known as PLA could effectively build the capacity of multisectoral teams to take coordinated action which in turn built the capacity of communities to sustain them. The impact on child nutrition was inconclusive and needed to be interpreted within the context of economic collapse in the intervention area. Four factors were found to have been crucial for creating the enabling environment for effective intersectoral action (i) supportive government policy (ii) broad participation and capacity building (iii) involving policy makers as advisors and establishing the credibility of the research and (iii) strengthening community action. If lessons learned from this study can be adapted and applied in other contexts then they could have a significant economic and societal impact on health and nutrition equity in informal urban settlements.     

Relationship between intra-household food distribution and coexistence of dual forms of malnutrition

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

The relationship between food intake and nutritional status has been clearly established. Yet, there are only limited studies on food intake among family members and their nutritional status. The study examined the relationship between intra-household food distribution and coexistence of dual forms of malnutrition (DFM) in the same household.

SUBJECTS/METHODS

Households with a malnourished child and overweight mother were categorized as DFM. Intra-household food distribution among family members was reported using ratios, which are a measure of individual intakes as compared to all household member intakes adjusted to RDA.

RESULTS

A 1,899 families were included in the study. The prevalence of DFM was 29.8% (95%CI 26.5-31.2). Children consumed lower amounts of energy (OR 1.34; 95%CI 1.06-1.69, P = 0.011), carbohydrates (OR 1.2; 95%CI1.03-1.61, P = 0.022), protein (OR 1.3; 95%CI 1.03-1.64, P = 0.026), and fat (OR 1.3; 95%CI 1.05-1.66, P = 0.016) than their mothers and other family members. In contrast, mothers consumed more carbohydrates than children and other family members (OR1.24; 95%CI 1.02-1.51, P = 0.03).

CONCLUSIONS

This study is the first to report on the food distribution among family members and its relationship with occurrence of DFM in Indonesia. The results confirm the occurrence of an unequal food distribution between children and mothers, which increases risk of DFM in the household. The results also demonstrate that nutritional education at the household level is important to increase awareness of the impact of DFM.     

Nutritional Interventions in Head and Neck Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemoradiotherapy: A Narrative Review

The present review aimed to define the role of nutritional interventions in the prevention and treatment of malnutrition in HNC patients undergoing CRT as well as their impact on CRT-related toxicity and survival. Head and neck cancer patients are frequently malnourished at the time of diagnosis and prior to the beginning of treatment. In addition, chemo-radiotherapy (CRT) causes or exacerbates symptoms, such as alteration or loss of taste, mucositis, xerostomia, fatigue, nausea and vomiting, with consequent worsening of malnutrition. Nutritional counseling (NC) and oral nutritional supplements (ONS) should be used to increase dietary intake and to prevent therapy-associated weight loss and interruption of radiation therapy. If obstructing cancer and/or mucositis interfere with swallowing, enteral nutrition should be delivered by tube. However, it seems that there is not sufficient evidence to determine the optimal method of enteral feeding. Prophylactic feeding through nasogastric tube or percutaneous gastrostomy to prevent weight loss, reduce dehydration and hospitalizations, and avoid treatment breaks has become relatively common. Compared to reactive feeding (patients are supported with oral nutritional supplements and when it is impossible to maintain nutritional requirements enteral feeding via a NGT or PEG is started), prophylactic feeding does not offer advantages in terms of nutritional outcomes, interruptions of radiotherapy and survival. Overall, it seems that further adequate prospective, randomized studies are needed to define the better nutritional intervention in head and neck cancer patients undergoing chemoradiotherapy.     

Thiamin Deficiency in People with Obesity

Although obesity has been viewed traditionally as a disease of excess nutrition, evidence suggests that it may also be a disease of malnutrition. Specifically, thiamin deficiency was found in 15.5–29% of obese patients seeking bariatric surgery. It can present with vague signs and symptoms and is often overlooked in patients without alcohol use disorders. This review explores the relatively new discovery of high rates of thiamin deficiency in certain populations of people with obesity, including the effects of thiamin deficiency and potential underlying mechanisms of deficiency in people with obesity. The 2 observational studies that examined the prevalence in preoperative bariatric surgery patients and gaps in our current knowledge (including the prevalence of thiamin deficiency in the general obese population and whether the current RDA for thiamin meets the metabolic needs of overweight or obese adults) are reviewed. Suggestions for future areas of research are included.     

Educating and Training a Workforce for Nutrition in a Post-2015 World

Nearly all countries in the world today are burdened with malnutrition, manifesting as undernutrition, micronutrient deficiencies, and/or overweight and obesity. Despite some progress, efforts to alleviate malnutrition are hampered by a shortage in number, skills, and geographic coverage, of a workforce for nutrition. Here, we report the findings of the Castel Gandolfo workshop, a convening of experts from diverse fields in March 2014 to consider how to develop the capacity of a global cadre of nutrition professionals for the post-2015 development era. Workshop participants identified several requirements for developing a workforce for nutrition, including an ability to work as part of a multisectoral team; communication, advocacy, and leadership skills to engage decision makers; and a set of technical skills to address future challenges for nutrition. Other opportunities were highlighted that could immediately contribute to capacity development, including the creation of a consortium to link global North and South universities, online training modules for middle managers, and practical, hands-on experiences for frontline nutrition workers. Institutional and organizational support is needed to enable workshop recommendations on education and training to be effectively implemented and sustained. The findings from the Castel Gandolfo workshop can contribute to the delivery of successful nutrition-relevant actions in the face of mounting external pressures and informing and attaining the forthcoming Sustainable Development Goals.     

血液透析患者营养状况与逆流行病学现象的探讨

目的 了解维持性血液透析患者(MHD)的营养状况,探讨其存在的逆流行病学现象,为进一步提出针对性营养干预策略提供依据.方法 采用主观综合性营养评估法(SGA)、人体测量、生化指标测定方法综合评估113例维持性血液透析患者的营养状态.结果 根据SGA评分,55.75％(63例)的患者营养状况良好;营养不良患者占44.25％(50例),其中39.82％(45例)为轻-中度营养不良,4.42％(5例)为重度营养不良.营养不良组患者肱三头肌皮褶厚度(TSF)、动静脉瘘对侧上臂周径(MAC)、上臂肌围(MAMC)低于营养良好组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).营养不良组总胆固醇(CH)、三酰甘油(TG)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、血清白蛋白(Alb)、前白蛋白(PA)、血肌酐(Scr)、尿素氮(BUN)、钙(Ca)、磷(P)较营养良好组低,其中TG、PA、Scr、BUN差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),而高密度脂蛋白(HDL)和甲状旁腺素(PTH)较营养良好组偏高,但差异无统计学意义.结论 MHD患者营养不良发生比例偏高,且MHD患者营养不良是导致其逆流行病学现象的原因之一,建议根据MHD患者具体的病理生理特点来调整治疗标准.