Amelioration of neurobehavioral and cognitive abilities of F1 progeny following dietary supplementation with Spirulina to protein malnourished mothers

Early life adversities (stress, infection and mal/undernutrition) can affect neurocognitive, hippocampal and immunological functioning of the brain throughout life. Substantial evidence suggests that maternal protein malnutrition contributes to the progression of neurocognitive abnormalities and psychopathologies in adolescence and adulthood in offspring. Maternal malnutrition is prevalent in low and middle resource populations. The present study was therefore undertaken to evaluate the effects of dietary Spirulina supplementation of protein malnourished mothers during pregnancy and lactation on their offspring’s reflex, neurobehavioral and cognitive development. Spirulina is a Cyanobacterium and a major source of protein and is being used extensively as a dynamic nutraceutical against aging and neurodegeneration. Sprague Dawley rats were switched to low protein (8% protein) or normal protein (20% protein) diet for 15 days before conception. Spirulina was orally administered (400 mg/kg/b.wt.) to subgroups of pregnant females from the day of conception throughout the lactational period. We examined several parameters including reproductive performance of dams, physical development, postnatal reflex ontogeny, locomotor behavior, neuromuscular strength, anxiety, anhedonic behavior, cognitive abilities and microglia populations in the F1 progeny. The study showed improved reproductive performance of Spirulina supplemented protein malnourished dams, accelerated acquisition of neurological reflexes, better physical appearance, enhanced neuromuscular strength, improved spatial learning and memory and partly normalized PMN induced hyperactivity, anxiolytic and anhedonic behavior in offspring. These beneficial effects of Spirulina consumption were also accompanied by reduced microglial activation which might assist in restoring the behavioral and cognitive skills in protein malnourished F1 rats. Maternal Spirulina supplementation is therefore proposed as an economical nutraceutical/supplement to combat malnutrition associated behavioral and cognitive deficits.     

营养不良的胃癌患者术后肠内营养与肠外营养效果比较

目的:观察肠内营养(EN)与肠外营养(PN)对营养不良的胃癌患者术后临床恢复的影响.方法:选取经主观综合性营养评估法(SGA)评价为中、重度营养不良的胃癌患者58例,随机分为EN组和PN组各29例,共治疗7 d.观察治疗期间感染发生情况,记录患者肛门排气时间和术后留院时间.手术前后均测量体质量指数(BMI),同时抽取静脉血检测前白蛋白(PA)、血红蛋白(HG)和白蛋白(AL).结果:2组感染率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),EN组肛门排气时间提前(P＜0.05),术后留院时间明显缩短(P＜0.05).EN组术后BMI和PA明显高于PN组(P＜0.05).结论:EN治疗营养不良的胃癌患者术后临床恢复多个方面均优于PN治疗.     

大学生营养状况调查

目的 了解学生营养状况,建立学校营养保健机制.方法 采用身高标准体重法和Broca改良公式,对玉林师范学院2000年与2005年的学生进行营养状况评价.结果 营养不良1 102人,占46.91 %;超重、肥胖84人,占3.58 %;男生营养不良392人,占16.69 %,女生营养不良710人,占30.23 %,男女营养不良率差异具有统计学意义(χ2＝31.31,p＜0.01).结论 学生营养不良与超重肥胖并存,营养不良率较高,但营养不良程度较轻.营养不良率女生高于男生,超重和肥胖男生高于女生.应尽快对学生加强营养知识教育,推广营养早餐,合理调配膳食,提高大学生营养健康水平.     

Baseline Objective Malnutritional Indices as Immune-Nutritional Predictors of Long-Term Recurrence in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke

Background: The controlling nutritional status (CONUT) score and the prognostic nutritional index (PNI) score were designed as indicators of patients’ immune-nutritional status. This study aimed to investigate the prognostic impact of the CONUT and PNI scores on long-term recurrent ischemic stroke (RIS) and adverse outcomes for adults with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Methods: This retrospective study enrolled 991 AIS patients. Multivariable Cox regression models were used to assess the relationships of the malnutritional indices and RIS and major cardiovascular events (MACEs). Results: During a median follow-up at 44 months (IQR 39–49 months), 203 (19.2%) patients had RIS and 261 (26.3%) had MACEs. Compared with normal nutritional status, moderate to severe malnutrition was significantly related to an increased risk of RIS in the CONUT score (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 3.472, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.223–5.432, p < 0.001). A higher PNI value tertile (tertile two, adjusted HR 0.295, 95% CI 0.202–0.430; tertile three, adjusted HR 0.445, 95% CI 0.308–0.632, all p < 0.001) was related to a lower risk of RIS. Similar results were found for MACEs. The PNI exhibited nonlinear association with the RIS and both two malnutritional indices improved the model’s discrimination when added to the model with other clinical risk factors. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that the CONUT and PNI are promising, straightforward screening indicators to identify AIS patients with impaired immune-nutritional status at higher risk of long-term RIS and MACEs.     

创伤严重程度与住院不同时间营养不良的关系

目的 探讨创伤病人损伤严重程度与其住院不同时间营养不良的关系.方法 对外伤后24 h内入院的120例创伤病人,入院首日依据创伤严重程度评分（ISS）分为轻度损伤、中度损伤及重度损伤,各40例.入院次日对病人进行营养不良风险筛查（NRS）,住院期间每周进行NRS评分,共4次.并对评分结果进行统计分析.结果 ISS与住院期间第1～3周NRS评分呈正相关（r=0.408～0.752,P〈0.01）.重度损伤组第1～3周NRS评分明显高于其他两组,差异有显著性（F=11.16～121.28,q=2.15～21.15,P〈0.001）.结论 创伤病人营养不良风险与创伤严重程度有关.对创伤病人进行ISS测定可预测病人住院期间不同时间存在营养不良的风险.     

住院老年阿尔茨海默病患者营养不良和营养风险对临床结局的影响

目的评估住院老年阿尔茨海默病（AD）患者的营养状况、营养风险及对临床结局的影响。方法纳入在北京老年医院住院,年龄≥65岁,符合美国国立神经病学、语言交流障碍和卒中-阿尔茨海默病和相关疾病学会工作小组标准（NINCDS-ADRDA）,临床诊断为AD的患者103例。受试者入院48 h内接受血液常规、生化检查、营养风险筛查（NRS2002）、简明精神状态检查（MMSE）、日常生活能力评定（BI指数）、Charlson合并症指数（CCI）评估。以出院（住院时间〈30 d者）或住院30 d为观察终点,记录观察期间患者是否死亡、是否发生感染性并发症或非感染性并发症,及住院期间营养支持情况。结果存在营养风险者50例（48.5%）,营养不良者44例（42.7%）。观察期间出现感染并发症者34例（33.0%）,非感染并发症者9例（8.7%）,死亡1例。存在营养风险者的CCI评分显著高于不存在营养风险者（P〈0.05）,BI指数低于不存在营养风险者（P〈0.05）,发生并发症的比例和营养不良者所占比例显著高于不存在营养风险者（P〈0.05）。Logistic回归分析显示营养风险和CCI评分均为影响临床结局的变量（P〈0.05）。结论老年AD住院患者存在营养风险和营养不良的比例很高;营养风险与慢性躯体疾病对并发症的发生和不良预后共同起作用。     

Consumption of animal source foods,especially fish,is associated with better nutritional status among women of reproductive age in rural Bangladesh

In rural Bangladesh, intake of nutrient-rich foods, such as animal source foods (ASFs), is generally suboptimal. Diets low in nutrients and lacking in diversity put women of reproductive age (WRA) at risk of malnutrition as well as adverse birth outcomes. The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between maternal dietary diversity, consumption of specific food groups and markers of nutritional status, including underweight [body mass index (BMI) < 18.5 kg/m²], overweight (BMI ≥ 23 kg/m²) and anaemia (haemoglobin < 120 g/dl) among WRA in Bangladesh. This analysis used data from the third round of a longitudinal observational study, collected from February through May of 2017. Dietary data were collected with a questionnaire, and Women's Dietary Diversity Score (WDDS) was calculated. Associations between WDDS, food group consumption and markers of nutritional status were assessed with separate adjusted logistic regression models. Among WRA, the prevalence of underweight, overweight and anaemia was 13.38%, 40.94% and 39.99%, respectively. Women who consumed dark green leafy vegetables (DGLV) or eggs were less likely to be anaemic or underweight, respectively, and women who consumed ASFs, particularly fish, were less likely to be underweight compared with women who did not consume these foods. WDDS did not show any consistent relationship with WRA outcomes. Interventions that focus on promoting optimal nutritional status among WRA in Bangladesh should emphasise increasing consumption of specific nutrient-rich foods, including ASFs, DGLV and eggs, rather than solely focusing on improving diet diversity in general.     

Measurement of benefits in economic evaluations of nutrition interventions in low‐ and middle‐income countries: A systematic review

Economic evaluation of nutrition interventions that compares the costs to benefits is essential to priority‐setting. However, there are unique challenges to synthesizing the findings of multi‐sectoral nutrition interventions due to the diversity of potential benefits and the methodological differences among sectors in measuring them. This systematic review summarises literature on the interventions, sectors, benefit terminology and benefit types included in cost‐effectiveness, cost‐utility and benefit‐cost analyses (CEA, CUA and BCA, respectively) of nutrition interventions in low‐ and middle‐income countries. A systematic search of five databases published from January 2010 to September 2019 with expert consultation yielded 2794 studies, of which 93 met all inclusion criteria. Eighty‐seven per cent of the included studies included interventions delivered from only one sector, with almost half from the health sector (43%), followed by food/agriculture (27%), water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) (10%), and social protection (8%). Only 9% of studies assessed programmes involving more than one sector (health, food/agriculture, social protection and/or WASH). Eighty‐one per cent of studies used more than one term to refer to intervention benefits. The included studies calculated 128 economic evaluation ratios (57 CEAs, 39 CUAs and 32 BCAs), and the benefits they included varied by sector. Nearly 60% measured a single benefit category, most frequently nutritional status improvements; other health benefits, cognitive/education gains, dietary diversity, food security, knowledge/attitudes/practices and income were included in less than 10% of all ratios. Additional economic evaluation of non‐health and multi‐sector interventions, and incorporation of benefits beyond nutritional improvements (including cost savings) in future economic evaluations is recommended.