天津市南开医院 2018—2021年血流感染病原菌分布及耐药性变迁

目的:分析天津市南开医院 2018—2021年血流感染患者病原菌构成及耐药变迁情况。方法:收集南开医院 2018年 1月 1日—2021年 12月 31日住院和门诊患者临床血培养标本中分离的非重复病原菌。采用 VITEK2 Compact对其进行鉴定及药敏检测,药敏结果按照 CLSI 2020年版标准判定,数据采用 WHONET 5.6软件进行统计分析。结果:血培养共分离出病原菌 2 383株,其中革兰阴性菌 1 147株,占 48.13%;革兰阳性菌 1 141株,占 47.88%;真菌 95株,占 3.99%。检出率前五位的主要病原菌分别为大肠埃希菌(21.78%)、人葡萄球菌(15.00%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(12.59%)、表皮葡萄球菌(9.74%)和屎肠球菌( 4.97%)。耐碳青霉烯类大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌检出率分别为 0.58%和 12.67%。非发酵菌种碳青霉烯类耐药的铜绿假单胞菌( CR-PA)和鲍曼不动杆菌( CR-AB)检出率分别为 52.94%和 60.00%。金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌中甲氧西林耐药株( MRSA和 MRCNS)检出率分别为 26.67%和 72.77%,未发现对万古霉素、替加环素耐药的葡萄球菌属。肠球菌对万古霉素、利奈唑胺和替加环素的耐药率均较低。结论:血流感染以革兰阴性菌为主,但革兰阳性菌有增长趋势,主要分离菌对临床常用抗菌药物耐药率逐年增加,应密切关注血流感染常见菌群的分布及耐药性变迁。     

2018—2021年临床常见胆道感染病原菌分布及耐药性变迁

目的分析 2018—2021年我院胆道感染患者病原菌构成及耐药性变迁。方法:收集 2018—2021年天津市南开医院胆道感染病原菌,采用 VITEK2 Compact对其进行鉴定及药敏检测,药敏结果按照 CLSI 2020年版标准判定,数据采用 WHONET 5.6软件进行统计分析。结果:胆汁培养共分离出病原菌 4 906株,其中革兰阴性菌 3 306株,占 67.39%;革兰阳性菌 1 494株,占 30.45%;真菌 106株,占 2.16%。耐碳青霉烯的大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌检出率分别为 2.31%、12.99%。非发酵菌中碳青霉烯类耐药的铜绿假单胞菌( CRPA)和鲍曼不动杆菌( CRAB)检出率分别为 62.88%、 70.59%。耐甲氧西林的金黄色葡萄球菌 (MRSA)和耐甲氧西林的凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌 (MRCNS)检出率分别为 45.71%、 64.40%,未发现对万古霉素、喹努普汀 /达福普汀、利奈唑胺、替加环素耐药的葡萄球菌属。肠球菌对万古霉素、利奈唑胺和替加环素的耐药性均较低,万古霉素耐药的屎肠球菌( VRE)检出率 0.67%。结论:胆道感染患者病原菌以肠源性细菌为主,主要为革兰阴性菌,多重耐药菌增加,应密切关注胆道感染常见菌群的分布及耐药性变迁。     

Is debridement really the best we can do for periprosthetic joint infections following total ankle replacements? A systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundAnkle periprosthetic joint infections are rising in number, but an evidence-based gold standard treatment has not been defined yet.MethodsWe made a systematic review about the operative treatment of infections following total ankle arthroplasty. Proportional meta-analysis was used to summarize effects of the surgical techniques included. Primary outcome of this study was infection eradication, followed by complications, re-interventions, amputation rates and functions.ResultsWe included six studies(113 patients) reporting 6 types of surgical interventions, mostly irrigation and debridement (35.4%) and two-stage revisions (24.8%). No differences among all analyzed techniques were found in the infection eradication outcome as well as in the secondary outcomes. Patients receiving a permanent spacer are most likely to end up with amputation.ConclusionsLiterature dealing with infections after total ankle replacement is currently composed by few low-quality articles. The overlapping of confidence intervals related to all analyzed interventions showed no superiority of either technique.Level of evidenceIII.     

微波消融治疗胆肠吻合术后肝脏恶性肿瘤术前肠道准备及应用抗生素对降低术后并发症的效果

目的 观察超声引导下微波消融(MWA)治疗胆肠吻合术(BEA)后肝脏恶性肿瘤术前肠道准备及应用抗生素对降低术后并发症及其严重程度的价值。方法 回顾性分析31例接受超声引导下MWA的BEA后肝脏恶性肿瘤患者,其中17例MWA前接受(A组)、14例(B组)未接受肠道准备及应用抗生素,对比观察2组术后并发症发生率及严重程度。结果 2组患者基线特征及原发肿瘤类型差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05)。31例均顺利完成MWA。MWA后A组住院时间、发热率、发热持续时间、菌血症发生率及肝脓肿发生率均低于B组(P均＜0.05)。结论 MWA治疗BEA后肝脏恶性肿瘤患者术前肠道准备及合理应用抗生素可明显降低术后并发症发生率及严重程度。     

儿童血培养病原菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的了解西安交通大学第一附属医院2013年1月至2014年12月儿童血培养病原菌的分布及耐药性,为临床诊疗提供依据。方法常规方法培养、分离病原菌,用纸片扩散法、E-test法或全自动细菌分析仪测定细菌对不同抗生素的敏感性,采用2013版CLSI标准判读结果。结果 2589份血培养标本共分离出126株病原菌,阳性率为4.9%;其中革兰阳性菌占62.7%(79株),革兰阴性菌占37.3%(47株);致病菌中排在前3位的依次为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌。凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌对青霉素、苯唑西林、红霉素的耐药率最高,未发现耐替加环素、利奈唑胺、万古霉素的葡萄球菌和肠球菌;大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对青霉素类、头孢菌素类耐药性最强,对碳青霉烯类、阿米卡星、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦最为敏感。结论凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌是引起本院儿童菌血症和败血症的主要病原菌。多重耐药菌较常见,临床应根据菌株耐药特性合理选用抗生素。     

Exploring Penicillin G as an Intrawound Antibiotic Powder for Prevention of Postoperative Shoulder Infections: Does It Exhibit In Vitro Chondrotoxicity?

Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes) is a significant insidious pathogen for postoperative infections in shoulder surgery. Studies have demonstrated that certain topical antibiotic powders used have the potential for chondrotoxicity. Benzylpenicillin, commonly referred to as Penicillin G (Pen G) has the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for C. acnes. There is no research regarding the topical application of Pen G during shoulder surgery, nor has its chondrocyte toxicity been previously investigated. This study sought to characterize the in vitro chondrocyte toxicity of Pen G. Culture-derived bovine chondrocytes were exposed to serial Pen G concentrations and compared with a positive and negative control. A negative control of growth medium and positive control of 1% Triton solution. The chondrocyte viability was assessed via spectrophotometer absorbance. The treatment groups were analyzed using one-way repeated measures analysis of variance and Pearson's correlation analysis. The chondrocyte viability was significantly higher for all Pen G concentrations as compared with the positive control (p < 0.001). All concentrations of Pen G exhibited continued chondrocyte metabolic activity over time. Analysis of variance, independent of time, demonstrated no significant decrease in chondrocyte viability for Pen G concentrations ≤6.25 mg/ml, as compared with the negative control (p > 0.05). Pen G demonstrated a significant negative correlation with its concentration and absorbance (r = 0.371, p < 0.001), however, concentrations ≤6.25 mg/ml did not demonstrate a significant decrease in chondrocyte viability (p = 0.063). Pen G in concentrations appropriate for C. acnes is not significantly chondrotoxic and may be safe for intrawound application. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 38:726-730, 2020     

围手术期不同抗生素使用时长对预防脊柱手术部位感染有效性的网状Meta分析

【摘要】 目的：对围手术期不同抗生素使用时长预防脊柱手术部位感染（surgical site infection,SSI）的有效性进行评价。方法：计算机检索PubMed、Embase、The Cochrane Library、中国知网、维普、万方数据库,搜集围手术期预防性抗生素的使用时长对降低脊柱SSI发生率的临床研究。研究类型包括随机对照试验（randomized controlled trial,RCT）和队列研究（cohort study,CS）。检索时限为2000年1月1日～2020年5月4日。由2名研究者严格遵循纳入与排除标准独立进行文献筛选、数据提取和文献质量评价。将抗生素使用时长分为单剂量组、术后24h组、术后48h组和术后超48h组。应用Stata 14软件进行网状Meta分析,比较不同抗生素使用时长对降低脊柱SSI发生率的有效性。结果：共纳入10篇文献,包括5篇RCT、2篇前瞻性队列研究和3篇回顾性队列研究,涉及4类抗生素使用时长（单剂量、术后24h、术后48h、术后超48h）。网状Meta分析结果显示：在降低脊柱SSI发生率方面,术后24h组[RR=0.48,95%CI （0.23,0.99）]和术后超48h组[RR=0.52,95%CI（0.32,0.84）]优于单剂量,其差异有统计学意义;排序结果显示术后24h组优于其他使用时长。结论：当前证据显示抗生素使用时长为术后24h时对预防脊柱SSI的效果最佳。     

溶血葡萄球菌对抗菌药物的敏感性和mecA基因的检测

目的　了解溶血葡萄球菌的耐药情况 ,以指导临床合理用药。方法　对 133株临床分离的溶血葡萄球菌采用微量肉汤稀释法测定 16种抗菌药物的最低抑菌浓度 (MIC) ,多聚酶链反应 (PCR)法检测mecA基因 ,并与普通药敏试验比较 ,对不相符的菌株进行抑制、诱导试验。结果　 133株溶血葡萄球菌对利奈唑胺、万古霉素、去甲万古霉素无耐药 ,对替考拉宁的耐药率为 6 .0 % ;对阿米卡星、异帕米星、米诺环素、利福平、氟氧头孢的耐药性较低 ,耐药率 <2 0 % ;对青霉素、苯唑西林的耐药率 >90 %。除米诺环素、青霉素外 ,住院患者分离菌株的耐药率高于门诊患者分离的菌株。mecA基因阳性率为 90 .2 3% ,且PCR产物经克隆测序证实为mecA特异性产物。对 2株mecA基因阳性而苯唑西林MIC≤ 0 .2 5 μg/ml的菌株进行诱导试验后其MIC≥ 0 .5 μg/ml;对 3株mecA基因阴性而MIC≥ 0 .5 μg/ml的菌株进行抑制试验后其MIC值下降 8倍以上。 结论　溶血葡萄球菌对大多数抗菌药物均有较高的耐药性 ,对糖肽类抗生素的敏感性也在下降 ,需引起临床重视。