急性精神分裂症神经内分泌激发试验研究

目的:研究急性精神分裂症患者中枢五羟色胺(5-HT)的功能状态及其临床意义。方法:对27例急性精神分裂症进行神经内 分泌激发试验,以催乳素作为应答指标,对临床症状采用阳性和阴性综合征量表进行评定。结果:催乳素基础水平与健康对照组无 显著差异(P>0.05)。激发后的催乳素水平呈增高趋势,且幅度趋于明显,与对照组比较,存在显著差异(P<0.05,P<0.01)。催 乳素基础水平、激发反应值以及曲线下面积与PANSS量表因子及总分之间均未发现明显的相关关系(P>0.05)。结论:急性精神 分裂症患者中枢五羟色胺的功能可能更加亢进,但与精神症状之间元明显相关性。     

Differential neuroendocrine responsiveness to morphine in Lewis, Fischer 344, and ACI inbred rats

Preclinical evidence suggests there is a link between the responsiveness to stress and the propensity to self-administer drugs of abuse. Our previous findings, for example, have shown a significant positive correlation between the locomotor response to novelty and the acquisition of morphine self-administration in Lewis (LEW), Fischer 344 (F344) and ACI inbred rat strains. As an extension of this work, we now report on the neuroendocrine responses (i.e., corticosterone and prolactin secretion) evoked by morphine administration in these same inbred strains. Male LEW, F344, and ACI rats were surgically prepared with indwelling jugular catheters 7 days prior to the study. Following a habituation period, rats were treated with i.p. saline or morphine (1, 5 or 10 mg/kg). Repeated blood samples were withdrawn via the catheters immediately before and at 20, 40, 60 and 120 min after injection. Plasma samples were assayed for hormone levels by radioimmunoassay. No differences in baseline corticosterone levels were found across strains. There was a significant effect of genotype on the corticosterone response to saline injection (i.e., mild stress), with F344 rats exhibiting sustained elevations in corticosterone compared to LEW and ACI rats. Morphine-induced stimulation of corticosterone release differed significantly across strains, and in this case LEW rats displayed a reduced sensitivity to morphine. Similar to the corticosterone results, LEW rats also had blunted prolactin responses to morphine when compared to F344 rats. Our data demonstrate that genotype is an important factor modulating the neuroendocrine sensitivity to morphine. It is noteworthy that LEW rats acquire self-administration more rapidly than F344 or ACI rats, yet LEW rats display reduced corticosterone responses to stress and morphine. Taking into account the particular conditions of this study (high i.p. doses used here vs. low i.v. doses in self-administration studies), our results do not suggest that corticosterone response to stress and morphine is related to vulnerability to intravenous opiate self-administration. The data, however, are consistent with the idea of that genetic factors might influence the sensitivity to the morphine-induced effects of glucocorticoids across these inbred strains.     

Neuroanatomical specificity of prolactin-induced hyperphagia in virgin female rats

Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of PRL increases food intake in virgin female rats but the brain site(s) at which PRL acts to promote feeding behavior is not known. The present studies investigated the role of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), ventromedial nucleus (VMH), and medial preoptic nucleus (MPOA) in the hyperphagic actions of PRL. Ad-libitum-fed virgin female rats received twice daily site-specific injections of PRL (800 ng) over a period of 10 days. Only subjects demonstrating regular vaginal cyclicity were included in the study. Food intake, body weight, and vaginal cyclicity were measured daily. Results showed that PRL significantly increased food intake when injected into the PVN. A nonsignificant trend towards a hyperphagic response in the last 5 days of testing was observed in rats receiving intra-VMH injections of PRL, and the MPOA was not responsive to the feeding-stimulating properties of PRL. None of the manipulations affected body weight or vaginal cyclicity as demonstrated by vaginal smears. In sum, the present results reveal that one brain site at which PRL acts to increase food intake is the PVN, but these studies do not rule out the possibility that the effects of PRL on food intake may also involve other brain areas.     

加味芍药甘草汤治疗系统性红斑狼疮的初步报告

目的:探讨加味芍药甘草汤治疗泌乳素(PRL)增高的红斑狼疮(SLE)的临床疗效,评价中药替代或减少激素和免疫抑制剂治疗SLE的可能性。方法:将42例PRL增高的SLE患者随机分为中药组和激素组各21例。中药组在常规剂量激素的基础上给予加味芍药甘草汤治疗,不用免疫抑制剂。激素组给予常规剂量激素及免疫抑制剂治疗。比较治疗3个月时和6个月时的疗效。结果:两组在SLE疾病活动性指数(SLE DAI)评分,实验室指标,激素用量比较,差异有显著意义。结论:对PRL增高的SLE亚群病人加用中药加味芍药甘草汤可加快SLE病情的好转,减少激素用量和副作用。     

An association of elevated serum prolactin with phthalate exposure in adult men

Objective To investigate the associations of hormone circulation with phthalate exposure in adult men. Methods Semen and serum samples were collected from 118 men who were suspected of infertility. Phthalate diesters including dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) in both semen and serum samples were measured, along with serum levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone (T), estradiol (E 2 ) and prolactin (PRL). Results Serum PRL was positively as...     

Evaluation of safety and efficacy of Maa-Lact in lactating Holtzman rats

ObjectiveTo evaluate the safety & efficacy of Maa-Lact granules for its galactogougue activity in Holtzman rats and its effect on suckling pups.MethodsGroup I rats were treated as control, group II and III rats were treated with 500 mg/kg, 1 000 mg/kg of Maa-Lact granules for 21 days. Weekly body weights of dams and pups were collected, litter survivability for 22 days and ocular blood samples were collected on 1^st day of parturition and 21^st day of post parturition for the estimation of prolactin levels. On 21^st day blood samples were collected from retro-orbital sinus for haemotological and biochemical estimations. On the same day of weaning rats were sacrificed and subjected to necropsy and individual organ weights were recorded.ResultsNo significant difference in weekly food weight consumption, body weights between control & treated groups with normal clinical signs. There is no mortaly in dams throught the study period with no significant difference in pups weights. The percentage mortality in pups was 14.43 %, 14.07 %, and 13.42% in group I, group II and group III, respectively. The histopathological finding has shown that treated groups have less convulution and adipose tissue deposition along with increase in length and branching of lactiferous duct and alveolar size.ConclusionBased on above results, it can be concluded that Maa-Lact posseses significant galctogogue activity.     

Reversibility of dopamine receptor antagonist-induced hyperprolactinemia and associated histological changes in Tg RasH2 wild-type mice

The purpose of this study was to better understand the biological effects of increased prolactin levels induced in mice by dopamine D₂ receptor antagonist molindone treatment. Toxicokinetics, prolactin levels, and reproductive tissue histology were evaluated in Tg rasH2 wild-type mice treated orally with molindone at 0, 5, 15, and 50 mg/kg/day for 6 months, followed by a 2-month posttreatment recovery period. A greater than dose-proportional increase in molindone exposure ([AUC]_0 ‒ 24) was observed on Day 180 for both sexes. Statistically significant (P < 0.01) increases in prolactin levels were observed in most treatment groups compared with controls at 0.5 h postdose on Days 1 and 180. Prolactin levels returned to baseline levels during the recovery period. Microscopic changes attributable to hyperprolactinemia, including corpora lutea enlargement and interstitial cell atrophy in the ovaries, and atrophy of the uterus and vagina were observed on Day 180. These changes were reversed during the recovery period in the 5- and 15-mg/kg/day treatment groups. Mice receiving molindone at 50 mg/kg/day also showed signs of reversal on histologic examination.     

Prolactin replacement must be continuous and initiated prior to 21 d of age to maintain hypothalamic dopaminergic neurons in hypopituitary mice

The prolactin (PRL) deficit in mice homozygous for the spontaneous Ames dwarf (df) mutation coincides with a marked reduction in the number of PRL-regulating tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic (TIDA) neurons. The TIDA deficit develops after 14–21 d postnatally and may be prevented by PRL replacement initiated at 12, but not at 60, d of age. The present study was designed to define further the developmental period during which PRL can prevent the deficit in the number of TIDA neurons in df/df mice, as well as to evaluate whether exposure to PRL neonatally affects the response to PRL by TIDA neurons in later development. To address the first aim, litters of df/df and normal (DF/df) mice were treated daily with ovine PRL (50 μg intraperitoneally), starting at 12, 21, or 30 d of age. To address the second aim, DF/df and df/df animals treated with PRL for 30 d starting at 12 d of age were subjected to PRL withdrawal (15 d of saline vehicle treatment), followed by PRL retreatment. All brains were evaluated using both catecholamine histofluorescence and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunocytochemistry. Total numbers of TH-immunostained cells were counted in area A12 (TIDA neurons) and in A13 (medial zona incerta). Qualitatively, catecholamine fluorescence in A12 perikarya and terminals in df/df mice was enhanced by PRL treatment initiated at 12 or 21, but not at 30, d of age. TH immunostaining intensity was enhanced in all df/df PRL-treated groups, compared with saline treatment. However, total numbers of TH-positive TIDA neurons were reduced significantly in df/df mice treated with PRL beginning at 21 or 30 d, as well as with saline at 12 d, compared with similarly treated DF/df groups and with df/df animals treated with PRL beginning at 12 d (p<0.01 for all comparisons). Among dwarf mice treated with PRL beginning at 12 d, followed by PRL withdrawal, the numbers of TH-positive TIDA neurons were greater than those of saline-treated dwarfs, but less than those in DF/df mice (p<0.05 for both comparisons). In dwarfs retreated with PRL after withdrawal, the TIDA population was also smaller than that in normal animals (p<0.05), although it was larger than in vehicle-treated dwarfs of the same age (p<0.05). No effect of PRL treatment on TIDA cell numbers in normal mice, or of treatment or mouse phenotype on the number of TH-positive cells in zona incerta, occurred in either experiment. These results indicate that the effect of PRL on preventing the reduction in the TIDA population in df/df mice is limited to a developmental period prior to 21 d postnatally. In addition, this study provides evidence that continuous PRL feedback is required to maintain normal numbers of TIDA neurons. These findings extend the evidence for a critical role of PRL feedback in the differentiation and preservation of phenotype in TIDA neurons.