Knowledge and perception of parents regarding halitosis in their children in Saudi Arabia

ObjectiveTo evaluate parents’ knowledge about halitosis, and to compare parents’ perception of halitosis in their children to the presence of halitosis clinically.MethodsChildren between 3 and 8 years attended to Dental University Hospital, King Saud University, were screened. Children satisfying inclusion criteria and their parents agreed to participate were included. Questionnaires regarding parents’ knowledge and perception about halitosis in their children were filled by attending parents. Then, the assessment of halitosis in the participating children carried out by portable gas chromatograph device (OralChroma^TM).ResultsA total of 67 children (44 girls and 23 boys) were included in this study with a mean age of 5.3 years (SD = 1.7). The majority of the questionnaires (n = 44, 65.7%) were filled by accompanying fathers. One in two (52.2%) parents obtained high knowledge score about halitosis. Parents’ knowledge was significantly associated with the mean age of the children (P = 0.02). Thirty-nine (58.2%) parents perceived halitosis in their children. Gender, child’s age, parents’ education level, or family income were not associated with parents’ perception of halitosis. Halitosis was detected clinically in 58 children (86.6%). Thirty-eight (57%) of parents’ perception of halitosis was in consistency with OralChroma^TM readings; however, there was no significant association between parents’ perception and the OralChroma^TM score.ConclusionHalf of the parents had good knowledge about halitosis and 6 in 10 parents perceived halitosis in their children which is quite less than the presence of halitosis detected clinically. Moreover, parents’ perception was not associated with the OralChroma^TM score.     

口臭与胃肠道疾病和口腔疾病的相关性研究

目的：研究口臭与胃幽门螺杆菌（Helicobacterpylori,Hp）感染、胃肠道疾病及口腔疾病的相关性。方法：采用13C尿素呼气试验检测9280例健康体检者,第1组2876例有胃肠道疾病无口腔疾病组,第2组2615例有胃肠道疾病有口腔疾病组,第3组1210例有口腔疾病无胃肠道疾病组,第4组2579例无胃肠道疾病无口腔疾病组,分别比较口臭的发生率与胃Hp阳性检出率,口臭者记录失眠、便秘等生活习惯。研究其相关性。结果：在9280例中口臭阳性率为9.84%,胃Hp感染阳性率为47.83%;口臭者913例中胃Hp感染阳性率为65.52%,口臭阳性率与胃Hp感染阳性率、胃肠道疾病和口腔疾病相关,且第1、2、3组口臭和胃Hp阳性检出率均高于第4组,均具有统计学意义,第1组与第2组差异无显著性。口臭者中失眠、便秘发生率分别为41.52%、33.57%。结论：口臭与Hp感染、胃肠道疾病和口腔疾病密切相关,Hp与胃肠道疾病密切相关,Hp与口腔疾病具有一定的相关性。口臭者失眠、便秘发生率较高。     

中药口腔护理液在危重患者中的应用效果

【摘要】 目的 观察医院自制中药口腔护理液用于危重患者的临床效果。方法 观察组采用医院自制的中药口腔护理液,对照组使用生理盐水,观察护理前后两组患者口腔pH值、口臭改善程度、口腔粘膜感染率以及患者的满意度。结果 观察组总满意率为785%,对照组438%;观察组口臭改善率为90%,对照组为70%,差异均有统计学意义（P＜005）;两组患者在干预前口腔pH值无统计学意义,干预后观察组pH值改变,差异有统计学意义（P＜005）;观察组口腔粘膜感染率为10%低于对照组的333%,差异有统计学意义。结论 在口腔护理中,运用中药口腔护理液能够改善危重患者口腔pH值及口臭症状,降低危重病口腔粘膜感染率和增加患者的满意度,可在临床推广应用。     

Identification of oral bacterial species associated with halitosis

BACKGROUND: The authors examined the tongue bacteria associated with oral halitosis (bad breath originating from the oral cavity), focusing on noncultivable bacteria-bacteria that cannot be identified by bacterial culture techniques. METHODS: The authors took samples from the dorsal tongue surface of eight adult subjects with halitosis and five control subjects who did not have halitosis. They identified the bacteria in these samples by using both anaerobic culture and direct amplification of 16S ribosomal DNA, a method that can identify both cultivable and noncultivable microorganisms. They analyzed the resulting microbiological data using chi(2) and correlation coefficient tests. RESULTS: Clinical measures of halitosis were correlated highly with each other and with tongue coating scores. Of 4,088 isolates and phylotypes identified from the 13 subjects, 32 species including 13 noncultivable species were found only in subjects with halitosis. Solobacterium moorei was present in all subjects with halitosis but not in any control subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Subjects with halitosis harbor some bacterial species on their dorsal tongue surfaces that are distinct from bacterial species found in control subjects. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that halitosis has a microbial etiology. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Like other oral diseases with microbial etiology, halitosis may be amenable to specific and nonspecific antimicrobial therapy targeted toward the bacteria associated with it.     

硫化氢分析仪检测抗口臭牙膏功效的研究

目的用硫化氢分析仪验证抗口臭牙膏的功效;观察牙膏抗口臭的短期作用。方法选择40名自愿受试者,随机分为用含抗口臭有效成分牙膏的实验组和用无有效成分牙膏的对照组,观察2组刷牙前、后即刻和2h、4h口气值变化。结果2组刷牙后即刻口气值一过性增高,与刷牙前比较有显著性差异（P〈0．05）;刷牙后2h、4h口气值与刷牙前比较,2组均明显下降,与刷牙前比较有显著性差异（P〈0．05）;2组口气值刷牙后即刻有显著差异（P〈0．05）,其余各时段均无显著差异（P〉0．05）。结论含与不含抗口臭有效成分牙膏短时间内都有消减口臭作用,但不易区分,应延长观察时间。     

口臭患者14C呼气试验检测的结果分析

目的探讨口臭与幽门螺旋杆菌及其它因素的关系。方法对59名正常组、50例单纯口臭组患者、56例口臭伴消化道疾病组患者14C呼气试验的结果进行分析。结果分析结果表明,口臭伴消化道疾病组14C呼气试验含量明显高于单纯口臭组和正常组(P0.05),阳性率也明显高于单纯口臭组和正常组(P0.05)。结论幽门螺旋杆菌感染是口臭的重要原因,但不是唯一原因。     

北京地区公众对口臭认知水平分析

目的了解北京地区公众对口臭的认知水平。方法随机抽取北京地区266人进行关于口臭知识的问卷调查。结果52．8％的人自己有过口臭的经历,近90％的人受到过口臭的困扰;50％以上人认为口臭是“上火”或“胃肠不好”引起,认为口臭与口腔因素有关占31．5％;一半以上的人选择漱口水或牙膏治疗口臭;刷舌和使用牙线的人很少,每周使用1次或多于1次的仅为12．0％和3．1％。结论口臭是经常困扰人们社会交往的问题;北京地区公众对口臭的认知主要基于传统观念,大部分人不清楚口腔疾病与口臭的关系。     

O.4%硫酸锌溶液对口气中挥发性硫化物浓度的影响

目的 观察0.4％硫酸锌溶液漱口前后口气中挥发性硫化物(volatile sulfur compounds,VSCs)浓度的变化,研究硫酸锌用于口臭的疗效。方法 根据相关标准筛选出口臭患者125例,随机分为3组,分别采用0.4％硫酸锌溶液、成品漱口水和蒸馏水漱口,使用口气测量仪检测各组患者漱口前和漱口后0、1、2、3 h的VSCs值。结果 漱口后0 h,3组VSCs值均有所下降,硫酸锌组与蒸馏水组差异显著(P<0.001);漱口后1、2、3 h,硫酸锌组VSCs值明显低于其他2组(P<0.001);漱口后3 h时,硫酸锌组的VSCs值仍明显低于漱口前的VSCs值(P<0.001)。结论0.4％硫酸锌溶液漱口可以在短期内有效消除口臭,可以用作口臭的辅助治疗。     

Self-reported halitosis and oral health related quality of life in adolescent students from a suburban community in Nigeria

BackgroundHalitosis is an important cause of impaired quality of life in adolescents. Little is known about the prevalence of self-reported halitosis in adolescents in Nigeria and the extent to which self-reported halitosis impairs their oral health related quality of life.ObjectivesTo determine the prevalence and impact of self-reported halitosis on the oral health related quality of life of adolescent students in a suburban community in Nigeria.MethodsAn analytical cross-sectional study. Pre-tested self-administered pro-forma was used to obtain the adolescents'' demographic data and their self-perception of halitosis. The Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) was used to assess the adolescents'' OHRQoL. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the median OHIP-14 scores between adolescents who reported halitosis and those who did not. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Ethics approval for this study was obtained from the Health Research and Ethics Committee of the Lagos University Teaching Hospital.ResultsA total of 361 adolescents aged 10 – 19 years (mean age 14.1 ± 1.79 years) took part in the study. Of these, 32.7% (n=118) had self-reported halitosis. The median OHIP-14 score among adolescents with self-reported halitosis was 3 (0–9) while those who did not report halitosis had a median OHIP-14 score of 0 (0 – 5). This difference was statistically significant (p < 0.0001).ConclusionSelf-reported halitosis significantly impaired the oral health related quality of life of the adolescents.