Probiotics—A complete oral healthcare package

Probiotics are living bacterial cells that have significant therapeutic potential for treating human infectious diseases. There is a huge market for probiotics in the pharmaceutical sector. They have been frequently used to treat the gastrointestinal diseases and improve gut immunity. In this review, the strains currently in use for manufacturing oral probiotic formulations are discussed. The review further recommends the use of probiotics for the control of various oral health disorders, like dental caries, periodontitis, gingivitis, halitosis, burning mouth syndrome, and oral cancer. Finally, this review also explores the use of various commercial probiotic products in maintaining oral health, their market values, and government acts and regulations that are relevant to the production and marketing of probiotics. Probiotics have tremendous therapeutic potential and more in-depth research must be done on these beneficial bacteria to make them one of the leading drugs in treating oral disorders.     

口腔卫生习惯与口臭关系的调查研究

目的 探讨口腔卫生习惯与口臭的关系,了解患者口腔卫生认知的状况,为护士对口臭患者进行个性化口腔卫生宣教提供指导依据,提高口臭的预防和治疗效果,从而提高国民在国际上卫生文明的形象.方法 对牙周科202例患者进行口腔卫生习惯问卷调查,并用感官法(鼻闻)评价口臭程度,将202例患者分为口臭组112例和无口臭组90例,比较口臭组和无口臭组在口腔卫生认知上的差别.结果 2组患者在每日的刷牙次数、时间及是否使用牙缝刷方面比较差异明显.结论 良好的口腔卫生习惯可以减少口臭的发生.

Abstract：

Objective The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between the oral health habit and halitosis. It can provide an advisory basis for nurse giving individualized oral health instruction to patients of halitosis and can improve the result of prevention and treatment for halitosis accordingly. Methods 202 patients with periodontal disease were chosen to participate in this study. The study included the questionnaire of oral health habit and the halitosis diagnosis by organoleptic assessment.Comparisons of difference in the knowledge of oral health habit between the subjects with and without halitosis were conducted. Results Brushing times in subjects without halitosis were significantly more than that in subjects with halitosis. Brushing teeth in evening and interproximal brush usage were much better in subjects without halitosis than that in subjects with halitosis,respectively. Conclusions Good oral health habits could decrease the incidence of halitosis.     

一枝黄花含漱液在预防全麻术后禁食患者口腔黏膜炎中的应用

目的 探讨一枝黄花含漱液行口腔护理减少全麻术后禁食患者口腔黏膜炎和口臭的可行性.方法 抽取60例全麻术后禁食患者,按随机数字表法分为观察组29例和对照组31例.观察组采用一枝黄花含漱液进行口腔护理;对照组采用0.9％氯化钠溶液进行常规口腔护理.比较两组患者口腔黏膜炎、口臭发生情况.结果 口臭发生情况,观察组术后第4天(-)(+)(++)(+++)口臭分别发生4,24,1,0例,第7天分别发生18,11,0,0例;对照组第4天分别为2,19,8,2例,第7天分别为7,21,2,1例,差异均有统计学意义(X2分别为8.635,10.910;P ＜0.05).口腔黏膜炎发生情况,观察组术后第4天0,Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ级口腔黏膜炎分别发生23,5,1,0,0例,第7天分别发生24,4,1,0,0例;对照组第4天分别为16,9,4,1,1例,第7天分别为16,10,4,1,0例,差异均有统计学意义(x2分别为5.052,6.540;P ＜0.05).结论 一枝黄花含漱液行口腔护理可明显降低全麻术后禁食患者口腔黏膜炎、口臭的发生.     

Effects of self-ligating and conventional brackets on halitosis and periodontal conditions

Objective:To evaluate the effects of fixed orthodontic treatment with steel-ligated conventional brackets and self-ligating brackets on halitosis and periodontal health.Materials and Methods:Sixty patients, at the permanent dentition stage aged 12 to 18 years, who had Angle Class I malocclusion with mild-to-moderate crowding were randomly selected. Inclusion criteria were nonsmokers, without systematic disease, and no use of antibiotics and oral mouth rinses during the 2-month period before the study. The patients were subdivided into three groups randomly: the group treated with conventional brackets (group 1, n  =  20) ligated with steel ligature wires, the group treated with self-ligating brackets (group 2, n  =  20), and the control group (group 3, n  =  20). The periodontal records were obtained 1 week before bonding (T1), immediately before bonding (T2), 1 week after bonding (T3), 4 weeks after bonding (T4), and 8 weeks after bonding (T5). Measurements of the control group were repeated within the same periods. The volatile sulfur components determining halitosis were measured with the Halimeter at T2, T3, T4, and T5. A two-way repeated measures of analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the groups statistically.Results:No statistically significant group × time interactions were found for plaque index, gingival index, pocket depth, bleeding on probing, and halitosis, which means three independent groups change like each other by time. The risk of tongue coating index (TCI) being 2 was 10.2 times higher at T1 than at T5 (P < .001). Therefore, the probability of higher TCI was decreased by time in all groups.Conclusions:The self-ligating brackets do not have an advantage over conventional brackets with respect to periodontal status and halitosis.     

北京市4个区县人群口臭的自我评价及其影响因素调查

目的 了解普通人群中口臭的自我评价情况,并探讨其影响因素。方法 采用专门设计的问卷,对北京4个城乡区县的2000名居民进行了调查,采用整群随机抽样方法 。问卷内容包括一般情况、疾病史、刷牙习惯、吸烟情况及口臭相关问题等。结果 被调查者中有26.4%的人自我报告患有口臭,44.9%的人不了解口臭的主要病因,59.7%的人被口臭所困扰的时间在3年以上,有20.9%的人不同程度地在各方面受到了口臭影响。27.6%的人试图使用漱口液或口香糖来消除口臭,而想通过看医生来解决问题的人只占到2.5%。对口臭的自我报告率有影响因素的是男性、吸烟者、刷牙习惯不良者和患有全身疾病者。结论 我国普通人群的口臭自我报告率高于其他国家,对口臭相关知识的了解还需进一步提高,男性、吸烟者、城市居民和患有全身疾病者口臭的自我报告率高于其他人群。     

螺旋体与牙龈卟啉单胞菌在口臭形成中的作用

目的　评价螺旋体和牙龈卟啉单胞菌各自在产生挥发性硫化物 (volatilesulfurcompounds,VSCs) ,形成口臭中的作用。 方法　对 117例牙周炎患者 ,用鼻闻法评价口臭值(organolepticrating ,OR)后分成口臭组 85例 ,无口臭组 32例 ,用口臭测量仪测量口气中VSCs水平 ,刚果红负性染色法检测舌苔和龈下菌斑中螺旋体的百分比 (S % ) ,间接免疫荧光法检测牙龈卟啉单胞菌 (Porphyromonusgingivalis ,Pg)。口臭组 4 6例在牙周基础治疗后重复以上检查。结果　口臭组探诊深度 (probingdepth ,PD) <4mm位点S %明显高于无口臭组 (P <0 0 1) ,而舌苔与PD≥ 4mm位点的S %、舌苔与龈下菌斑中的Pg均无差异。口臭组OR、VSCs水平与舌苔及PD <4mm位点S %正相关 ,与PD≥ 4mm位点的S %无关 ;OR值与PD≥ 4mm位点的Pg呈正相关 (P <0 0 5 ) ,与舌苔及PD <4mm位点的Pg无关 ,而VSCs与 3个部位的Pg均无关系 ;牙周治疗后OR和VSCs水平明显降低 ,舌苔中的S %、龈下菌斑中的S %及Pg均明显下降 (P <0 0 1)。结论　螺旋体是与VSCs及口臭的产生有关的口腔微生物之一 ,牙周治疗可以改善口臭     

挥发性硫化物口臭模型的建立

目的探讨采用挥发性硫化物(volatile sulfur compounds,VSCs)建立试验性口臭模型的可行性。方法36名健康自愿者含漱自制的"口臭造模液"(主要成分为VSCs)前后进行口腔VSCs检测,之后每隔1周重复测试1次,共测试4次。对每次造模前后口腔VSCs体积分数差异进行两样本配对的Wilcoxon秩和检验;对4次测试的基线值差异、4次测试的造模后口腔VSCs体积分数的差异分别进行Friedman秩和检验;对每次测试的基线和造模后口腔VSCs体积分数分别进行Spearman相关性检验。结果4次测试的基线和造模后口腔VSCs体积分数(×10-9)分别为90±61、688±340;100±69、662±303;94±52、684±290和82±54、602±293。每次造模后口腔VSCs体积分数均较基线值升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。4次测试的口腔VSCs体积分数基线值比较和4次测试的造模后口腔VSCs体积分数差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。每次测试获得的基线和造模后口腔VSCs体积分数存在正相关关系(P<0.05)。结论采用自制"口臭造模液"建立的试验性口臭模型稳定性好,可资后续的口臭防治相关产品开发时应用。     

The proportion of pseudo-halitosis patients in a multidisciplinary breath malodour consultation

AIM: To report the data from a multidisciplinary bad breath consultation in Germany. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this cross sectional study, 407 patients attending a bad breath consultation were examined by a specially trained dentist, with an ENT-specialist, an internist, and a psychologist on call. RESULTS: All patients reported suffering from bad breath but only 72.1% showed detectable signs of breath malodour. Within this group, 92.7% revealed an oral cause, 7.3% revealed an extra-oral cause. Within the group without malodour, 76.3% had received prior diagnostics and treatments from other doctors, whereby 36% had received one or more gastroscopies and 14% had undergone an ENT operation. In only ten cases had an organoleptic evaluation of the putative malodour been performed. CONCLUSION: Our data reveal that breath malodour is mainly of oral origin and that patients with pseudo-halitosis are frequently not diagnosed correctly by doctors, resulting in a considerable amount of over-treatment.     

甲壳胺影响细菌硫化氢代谢产物的研究

目的:观察甲壳胺对口腔细菌硫化氢产物的影响,评价甲壳胺的抗口臭作用.方法:选择3种口腔主要产臭菌:牙龈卟啉单胞菌、中间普氏菌、具核梭杆菌,分别接种于不含药物的液体培养基、含1%甲壳胺的液体培养基和含0.2%洗必泰溶液的液体培养基中,厌氧培养后,用硫化物测量仪分析3个菌种硫化氢代谢产物的变化.结果:3种细菌在不含药物的试管中有大量硫化氢生成,含1%甲壳胺的实验组和含0.2%洗必泰溶液的对照组试管中检测出硫化氢的量明显降低(P＜0.05).结论:甲壳胺能有效抑制产臭菌异味产物--硫化氢,实验为甲壳胺抗口臭的临床应用提供了可靠的实验依据.