O型臂导航引导下经皮椎体成形术治疗中段胸椎骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的精准性及安全性

目的 探讨O型臂导航引导下经皮椎体成形术（percutaneous vertebroplasty,PVP）在治疗中段胸椎骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的精准性及安全性。方法 2019年12月—2021年8月复旦大学附属浦东医院骨科收治中段胸椎骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折（osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture,OVCF）患者15例（15个椎体）,男5例,女10例;年龄70~89岁,平均（76.7±5.8）岁。均采用O型臂导航引导下经单侧穿刺行PVP治疗。主要疗效指标：术中规划路径与实际路径的符合率,微创经皮开路器穿刺成功需要的次数,主要指标用于评价该手术操作的精准性。次要疗效指标包括：记录患者术前、术后2天以及末次随访时视觉模拟（visual analogue scale,VAS）疼痛评分,Oswestry功能障碍指数（Oswestry disability index,ODI）。同时记录患者的手术时间、骨水泥使用量、术中出血量及手术相关并发症发生情况等,测量并记录术前、术后2天及末次随访时伤椎前缘高度,次要指标用于评价该手术方案的临床疗效与安全性。结果 15例患者均顺利完成手术,术中规划路径与实际路径的符合率：优6例,良9例,优良率达100%,所有病例均为1次穿刺成功,无患者出现骨水泥渗漏或严重并发症。平均随访11.7个月。术前、术后2天及末次随访时患者VAS评分分别为7.2±0.7、2.3±0.5和1.9±0.5,患者ODI评分分别为68.1±4.0、23.6±4.3和23.0±4.6,患者伤椎前缘高度分别为（2.4±0.3）cm、（2.7±0.3）cm和（2.6±0.3）cm。术后2天患者VAS评分、ODI评分较术前明显改善（P<0.05）,术后2天及末次随访时患者伤椎前缘高度较术前均增加（P<0.05）。结论 O型臂导航引导下PVP治疗中段胸椎OVCF,可提高手术操作精准度及安全性,在治疗中段胸椎OCVF中可能具有较大的临床应用价值。     

Optimization of screw fixation in rat bone with extracorporeal shock waves

Screw fixation in osteoporotic patients is becoming an increasing problem in orthopaedic surgery as deterioration of cortical and cancellous bone hamper biomechanical stability and screw fixation. This might result in delayed weight‐bearing or failure of instrumentation. We hypothesized that local peri‐operative shock wave treatment can optimize osseointegration and subsequent screw fixation. In eight female Wistar rats, two cancellous and two cortical bone screws were implanted in both femora and tibiae. Immediately after implantation, 3.000 unfocused extracorporeal shock waves (energy flux density 0.3 mJ/mm²) were applied to one side. The other side served as non‐treated internal control. Evaluation of osseointegration was performed after 4 weeks with the use of microCT scanning, histology with fluorochrome labeling, and pull‐out tests of the screws. Four weeks after extracorporeal shock wave treatment, treated legs exhibited increased bone formation and screw fixation around cortical screws as compared to the control legs. This was corroborated by an increased pull‐out of the shock wave treated cortical screws. The cancellous bone screws appeared not to be sensitive for shock wave treatment. Formation of neocortices after shock wave therapy was observed in three of eight animals. Furthermore, de novo bone formation in the bone marrow was observed in some animals. The current study showed bone formation and improved screw fixation as a result of shock wave therapy. New bone was also formed at locations remote from the screws, hence, not contributing to screw fixation. Further, research is warranted to make shock wave therapy tailor‐made for fracture fixation. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:76–84, 2018.

     

The Combination of icariin and constrained dynamic loading stimulation attenuates bone loss in ovariectomy‐induced osteoporotic mice

Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by low bone mass and progressive destruction of bone microstructure, resulting in increasing the risk of fracture. Icariin (ICA) as a phytoestrogen shows osteogenic effects, and the mechanical stimulation has been demonstrated the improving effect on osteoporosis. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of ICA in combination with constrained dynamic loading (CDL) stimulation on osteoporosis in ovariectomized (OVX) mice. The serum hormone levels, bone turnover markers, trabecular architecture, ulnar biomechanical properties, and the expression of osteoblast‐related gene (alkaline phosphatase, ALP; osteocalcin, OCN; bone morphogenetic protein‐2, BMP‐2; Collagen I (α1), COL1; osteoprotegerin, OPG) and osteoclast‐related genes (receptor activators of NF‐κB ligand, RANKL; tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase, TRAP) were analyzed. The results showed that ICA + CDL treatment could increase the osteocalcin (20.85%), estradiol levels (20.61%) and decrease the TRAP activity (26.27%) significantly than CDL treatment. The combined treatment attenuated bone loss and biomechanical decrease more than single use of CDL treatment. ICA + CDL treatment significantly up‐regulated the level of osteoblast‐related gene expression and down‐regulated the osteoclast‐related genes expression; moreover, the combined treatment increased the ratio of OPG/RANKL significantly compared to ICA (72.83%) or CDL (65.63%) treatment alone. The present study demonstrates that icariin in combination with constrained dynamic loading treatment may have a therapeutic advantage over constrained dynamic loading treatment alone for the treatment of osteoporosis, which would provide new evidence for the clinical treatment of osteoporosis. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:1415–1424, 2018.

     

Polymorphisms of miR‐146a,miR‐149, miR‐196a2, and miR‐499 are associated with osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures in Korean postmenopausal women

Genetic factors have been shown to be a small but significant predictor for osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture risk. We performed a case–control association study to determine the association between miR‐146a, miR‐149, miR‐196a2, and miR‐499 polymorphisms and osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture (OVCF) susceptibility. In total, 286 unrelated postmenopausal Korean women (57 with OVCFs, 55 with non‐OVCFs, and 174 healthy controls) were recruited. All subjects underwent dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry to determine BMD at the lumbar spine and femoral neck. We focused on four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of pre‐miRNA sequences including miR‐146aC>G (rs2910164), miR‐149T>C (rs2292832), miR‐196a2T>C (rs11614913), and miR‐499A>G (rs3746444). Genotype frequencies of these four SNPs were determined using polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. The TT genotype of miR‐149aT>C was less frequent in subjects with OVCFs, suggesting a protective effect against OVCF risk (Odds ratio [OR], 0.435; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.22–0.85, p = 0.014), whereas the miR‐146aCG/ miR‐196a2TC combined genotype was more frequent in OVCF patients (OR, 5.163; 95%CI, 1.057–25.21, p = 0.043), suggesting an increase in OVCF risk. Additionally, combinations of miR‐146a, ‐149, ‐196a2, and ‐449 showed a significant association with increased prevalence of OVCFs in postmenopausal women. In particular, the miR‐146aG/‐149T/‐196a2C/‐449G allele combination was significantly associated with an increased risk of OVCF (OR, 35.01; 95% CI, 1.919–638.6, p = 0.001). Our findings suggest that the TT genotype of miR‐149aT>C may contribute to decreased susceptibility to OVCF in Korean postmenopausal women. Conversely, the miR‐146aCG/ miR‐196a2TC combined genotype and the miR‐146aG/‐149T/‐196a2C/‐449G allele combination may contribute to increased susceptibility to OVCF. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:244–253, 2018.     

阿魏酸对去卵巢大鼠骨微结构的影响

目的 观察阿魏酸对去卵巢大鼠骨微结构改变的作用。方法 2月龄雌性大鼠40只,按随机数字表法分为假手术组、模型组和阿魏酸低、高剂量组,每组10只。除假手术组外,模型组和阿魏酸低、高剂量组均通过摘除大鼠双侧卵巢建立骨质疏松模型,分别采用等量生理盐水和20、80 mg/（kg·d）阿魏酸灌胃,干预12周后,处死各组大鼠获取大鼠血清检测骨代谢指标,用Micro-CT检查记录大鼠股骨骨密度和骨微结构,切取干骺端骨质行HE染色,观察骨组织切片。结果 病理切片显示,模型组大鼠骨小梁变薄稀疏,髓腔增大;阿魏酸组大鼠骨小梁数目（Tb.N）和骨连接增加,骨小梁间隙变小。与模型组比较,阿魏酸低、高剂量组大鼠骨密度增加[（0.176±0.014） g/cm2、（0.198±0.027） g/cm2比（0.153±0.026） g/cm2,P<0.05]、皮质骨骨小梁体积比率（BV/TV）增加[（34.521±6.364）%、（39.483±10.586）%比（26.357±8.243）%,P<0.05]、骨小梁厚度（Tb.Th）增加[（0.116±0.031） mm、（0.129±0.028） mm比（0.092±0.012） mm,P均<0.05],骨小梁数目（Tb.N）增多[（2.684±0.087） 1/mm、（2.851±0.102） 1/mm比（2.452±0.121） 1/mm,P<0.05],骨小梁间隙（Tb.Sp）缩小[（0.406±0.029） mm、（0.326±0.034） mm比（0.518±0.031） mm,P<0.05];与模型组比较,阿魏酸低、高剂量组大鼠血钙浓度[（2.32±0.24） mmol/L、（2.48±0.19） mmol/L比（2.42±0.32） mmol/L]、血磷浓度[（1.72±0.28） mmol/L、（1.64±0.24） mmol/L比（1.58±0.32） mmol/L]和碱性磷酸酶（ALP）浓度[（68.5±20.3） U/L、（70.2±24.6） U/L比（61.4±18.8） U/L],含量均相近（P＞0.05）,骨钙素（OC）浓度降低[（3.894±0.984） ng/mL、（3.252±1.028） ng/mL比（5.246±0.824） ng/mL,P＜0.05]。结论 阿魏酸可减少去势骨质疏松大鼠骨量丢失,改善骨微结构。     

经皮椎体成形术及后凸成形术在胸腰椎骨质疏松性爆裂骨折中的应用现状

经皮椎体成形术（percutaneous vertebroplasty,PVP）及后凸成形术（percutaneous kyphoplasty,PKP）目前广泛地应用于骨质疏松压缩性脊柱骨折中,但对于骨折累及椎管、椎体后壁有破裂甚至占位的爆裂性骨折,该技术曾一度被视为绝对手术禁忌。而中老年患者常发生骨质疏松性椎体爆裂骨折（osteoporotic vertebral burst fractures,OVBF）。他们是否如同骨质疏松性压缩性骨折（osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures,OVCF）患者那样从PVP和PKP手术中获益这个问题,促使越来越多的国内外学者开始研究、探讨,希望评价该技术在OVBF患者中的风险与受益。本文主要综述近十多年来该技术在OVBF中应用的疗效和安全性。     

阿法骨化醇增加伊班膦酸钠治疗绝经后骨质疏松症的疗效

目的探索阿法骨化醇(alfacalcidol,ALF)在伊班膦酸钠(ibandronate,IBN)治疗绝经后骨质疏松症期间的作用。方法选取2015年7月至2017年6月在我院就诊的56例绝经后骨质疏松症患者作为研究对象,随机分为IBN组和IBN/ALF组;IBN组给予IBN治疗,IBN/ALF给予IBN联合ALF,治疗为期12个月。观察治疗前后两组女性骨密度及骨代谢指标的改变。结果与治疗前相比,3个月后两组骨转换指标均显著降低(P0.05)。IBN/ALF组血清1型前胶原氨基末端前肽(N-propeptide of type 1 collagen,P1NP)、抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶-5b(tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-5b,TRACP-5b)和尿I型胶原N末端交联(urinary type I collagen crosslinked amino terminal peptide,NTX)水平明显低于IBN组(P0.05)。IBN/ALF组6个月和IBN组12个月时腰椎(L_(1～4))骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD)均显著增加(P0.05)。12个月时IBN/ALF组(4.7%)的L-BMD显著高于IBN组(2.9%)。IBN/ALF组的全髋(H)-BMD从6个月开始显著增加,而IBN组的H-BMD改善不明显。IBN/ALF组(4.3%)的H-BMD在12个月时显著高于IBN组(2.7%)。结论 ALF有助于IBN治疗绝经后骨质疏松症的疗效。     

高龄老年骨质疏松患者骨代谢特点及初次接受唑来膦酸治疗后急性期不良反应观察

目的研究80岁以上高龄老年骨质疏松患者骨代谢特点及初次输注唑来膦酸注射液后急性期不良反应情况。方法回顾2011年1月-2017年9月在我院就诊的骨质疏松患者216例,按年龄分为高龄老年组(年龄≥80岁)96例、非高龄老年组(65岁≤年龄80岁)80例和绝经后非老年组(年龄65岁绝经后女性)40例。测定并比较各组血钙、血磷、Ⅰ型胶原C-末端肽交联(C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen,CTX)、Ⅰ型原胶原N-端前肽(procollagen type 1 N-peptide,P1NP)、甲状旁腺素(parathyroid hormone,PTH)、25-羟基维生素D[25 hydroxy vitamin D,25(OH)D]和临床等指标的差异。其中140例患者初次静滴唑来膦酸5 mg治疗,并按年龄分为80岁以上组(80~+组)75例和80岁以下组(80~-组)65例,观察两组输注唑来磷酸后两周内出现急性期不良反应(acute-phase response,APR)的情况。结果非高龄老年组血肌酐水平高于绝经后非老年组(P=0.01);高龄老年组与绝经后非老年组比较,血肌酐偏高(P=0.000),25(OH)D水平偏低(P=0.007),PTH水平偏高(P=0.032)。随着分组平均年龄的增大,CTX与P1NP有下降趋势,但组间比较差异无统计学意义。80~+组的APR总体发生率与80~-组比较差异无统计学意义,其中发热、肌骨痛的发生率在80~+组更低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 80岁以上高龄老年骨质疏松患者骨代谢并非都表现为低转换。初次使用5 mg唑来膦酸静滴,常见的不良反应如发热、肌骨痛的发生率更低。     

广州市多社区1529名中老年人骨质疏松患病率及骨质疏松性骨折发生率分析

目的调查了解广州市社区中老年人骨量减少、骨质疏松症(osteoporosis,OP)的患病率及骨质疏松性骨折发生率,分析近年来骨质疏松患病率的增减趋势。方法采用现场问卷调查了解受试者的基本资料(包括性别、年龄、身高、体重、骨折史等),并用美国双能X线骨密度仪测量1529例40～87岁中老年人群的腰椎正位和左髋部骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD),以性别、年龄分组进行分析。结果随着年龄递增,各组髋部BMD值逐渐下降,而腰椎BMD值并未随着增龄而呈现递减的趋势,60岁以上中老人髋部BMD值显著低于腰椎BMD值(P0.05)。根据腰椎BMD值计算,中老年人OP总患病率为30.7%,其中女性为34.2%,明显高于男性的17.9%(P0.05)。低骨量(osteopenia,OPA)总患病率为41.8%,男女分别为42.4%和41.6%(P0.05)。根据髋部BMD值计算,OP总患病率更高,达到38.2%,女性为39.4%,高于男性的33.9%(P0.05)。OPA总患病率为47.4%,男性为52.7%,女性为46.0%(P0.05)。受调查的中老年男性中有骨折史的为82例,女性为357例,OP患者骨折发生率为37.8%,远高于非OP患者23.1%(P0.01),再骨折发生率OP患者为6.2%,高于非OP患者的2.64%(P0.01)。结论广州市社区中老年人骨质疏松患病率和脆性骨折发生率较高,且其发生率均较以往有明显增高的趋势,建议早筛查、早诊断、早治疗。根据髋部BMD值进行骨质疏松评估的敏感性更高,应该首选髋部作为骨密度测量的部位。     

“肌少-骨质疏松症”的研究现状与进展

人口的老龄化增加了许多老年慢性疾病的患病率,肌少症和骨质疏松症是与年龄相关的退行性疾病,具有相似的病理生理基础,包括遗传学、脂肪浸润、内分泌和机械因素等。"肌少-骨质疏松症"是一种新的老年综合征,在老年人群中广泛存在,并且可能带来严重的并发症,临床实践中应常规使用DXA、手握力、步行速度来评估老年人群的肌肉和骨骼情况,这对于有高危因素的老年患者可能会有帮助。针对"肌少-骨质疏松症"的研究可以更加全面的认识肌肉骨骼相关的退行性疾病,治疗上提示骨质疏松症和骨质疏松性骨折需要全面考虑肌肉和骨骼的情况并进行综合干预。尽管目前没有明确关于"肌少-骨质疏松症"的治疗药物,但有充分证据表明足够的蛋白质和钙摄入量,增加身体活动及维持维生素D的适当水平可以对骨骼和肌肉产生双重作用,这些都有助于改善身体的活动功能并减少老年人群跌倒和发生骨折的风险。笔者对"肌少-骨质疏松症"的流行病学、病理生理学、诊断、治疗和管理策略进行综述。