深部胸骨切口感染的研究进展

深部胸骨后感染(DSWI)是接受胸骨正中切口术后患者可怕的、灾难性的一种并发症。流行病学资料显示,近5年来DSWI的发生率为0.6%².0%,而其住院病死率或者30 d病死率却高达10.25%2.0%,而其住院病死率或者30 d病死率却高达10.25%²5.8%。围术期预防措施在降低DSWI发生率方面至关重要。真空辅助闭合装置治疗是一种优于其他传统方法有效的过渡治疗方案。胸廓重建术在治疗DSWI中起着决定性作用。多学科协作能够降低DSWI的发生率,在DSWI防治过程中值得提倡。     

临床医学专业留学生临床实习现状分析与思考

来华留学生临床医学专业本科教育（英文授课）项目，是国家留学生教育体系的重要组成部分，提高来华留学生的教学质量是国家医学院校教学中的重要课题之一。通过总结和分析首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院临床医学专业留学生在院内的实习现状，探索加强留学生实习管理的有效措施，推动临床医学专业留学生临床教学的规范化进程，培养出更多高质量的临床医学专业留学生，对于来华留学生的成长是一个非常有意义的课题。     

The international migration of dentists: directions for research and policy

In 2010, the World Health Organization Global Code of Practice for International Recruitment of Health Personnel (the WHO Code) was adopted by the 193 Member States of the WHO. The WHO Code is a tool for global diplomacy, providing a policy framework to address the challenges involved in managing dentist migration, as well as improving the retention of dental personnel in source countries. The WHO Code recognizes the importance of migrant dentist data to support migration polices; minimum data on the inflows, outflows and stock of dentists are vital. Data on reasons for dentist migration, job satisfaction, cultural adaptation issues, geographic distribution and practice patterns in the destination country are important for any policy analysis on dentist migration. Key challenges in the implementation of the WHO Code include the necessity to coordinate with multiple stakeholders and the lack of integrated data on dentist migration and the lack of shared understanding of the interrelatedness of workforce migration, needs and planning. The profession of dentistry also requires coordination with a number of private and nongovernmental organizations. Many migrant dentist source countries, in African and the South‐Asian WHO Regions, are in the early stages of building capacity in dentist migration data collection and research systems. Due to these shortcomings, it is prudent that developed countries take the initiative to pursue further research into the migration issue and respond to this global challenge.     

“一带一路”背景下医学留学生计算机基础教育探讨

以中山大学中山医学院的医学留学生计算机基础教育课程为例，分析医学留学生教育基本情况和信息素养，构建“一带一路”背景下面向国际的数字化医生课程体系，阐述课程总体目标和主要内容以及多元化教学模式在课程中的应用，以期更好地适应国际社会对医学人才的需要。     

The Breast Health Global Initiative: clinical practice guidelines for management of breast cancer in low- and middle-income countries

Breast cancer is an increasingly urgent problem in low- and mid-level resource countries of the world. Despite knowing the optimal management strategy based on guidelines developed in wealthy countries, clinicians are forced to provide less-than-optimal care to patients when diagnostic and/or treatment resources are lacking. For this reason, it is important to identify which resources commonly applied in resource-abundant countries most effectively fill the healthcare needs in limited-resource regions, where patients commonly present with more advanced disease at diagnosis, and to provide guidance on how new resource allocations should be made in order to maximize improvement in outcome. Established in 2002, the Breast Health Global Initiative (BHGI) created an international health alliance to develop evidence-based guidelines for countries with limited resources (low- and middle-income countries) to improve breast health outcomes. The BHGI serves as a program for international guideline development and as a hub for linkage among clinicians, governmental health agencies and advocacy groups to translate guidelines into policy and practice. The BHGI collaborated with 12 national and international health organizations, cancer societies and nongovernmental organizations to host two BHGI international summits. The evidence-based BHGI Guidelines, developed at the 2002 Global Summit, were published in 2003 as a theoretical treatize on international breast healthcare. These guidelines were then updated and expanded at the 2005 Global Summit into a fully comprehensive and flexible framework to permit incremental improvements in healthcare delivery, based upon outcomes, cost, cost–effectiveness and use of healthcare services.     

高等中医药产学研合作教育模式的初步探讨

从合作方式的角度,总结了目前我国高等中医药产学研的模式,简要分析了各种模式的特点。从绩效评价机制不健全、联合技术创新意识薄弱、普及面狭窄三大问题出发,为进一步深化中医药产学研合作程度,促进技术创新,培养优秀中医药人才提供了可行性意见。     

Myocardial infarction classification and its implications on measures of cardiovascular outcomes,quality, and racial/ethnic disparities

Heart disease continues to be the leading cause of death in the United States, with approximately 805 000 cumulative deaths from myocardial infarctions (MI) from 2005 to 2014. Gender and racial/ethnic disparities in MI diagnoses are becoming more evident in quality review audits. Although recent changes in diagnostic codes provided an improved framework, clinically distinguishing types of MI remains a challenge. MI misdiagnoses and health disparities contribute to adverse outcomes in cardiac medicine. We conducted a literature review of relevant biomedical sources related to the classification of MI and disparities in cardiovascular care and outcomes. From the studies analyzed, African Americans and women have higher rates of mortality from MI, are more probably to be younger and present with other comorbidities and are less probably to receive novel therapies with respect to type of MI. As high-sensitivity troponin assays are adopted in the United States, implementation should account for how race and sex differences have been demonstrated in the reference range and diagnostic threshold of the newer assays. More research is needed to assess how the complexity of health disparities contributes to adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Creating dedicated medical quality teams (physicians, nurses, clinical documentation improvement specialists, and medical coders) and incorporating a plan-do-check-adjust quality improvement model are strategies that could potentially help better define and diagnose MI, reduce financial burdens due to MI misdiagnoses, reduce cardiovascular-related health disparities, and ultimately improve and save lives.     

One or two doses of hepatitis A vaccine in universal vaccination programs in children in 2020: A systematic review

BackgroundHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a global health concern as outbreaks continue to occur. Since 1999, several countries have introduced universal vaccination (UV) of children against HAV according to approved two-dose schedules. Other countries have implemented one-dose UV programs since 2005; the long-term impact of this schedule is not yet known.MethodsWe conducted a systematic literature search in four electronic databases for data published between January 2000 and July 2019 to assess evidence for one-dose and two-dose UV of children with non-live HAV vaccines and describe their global impact on incidence, mortality, and severity of hepatitis A, vaccine effectiveness, vaccine efficacy, and antibody persistence.ResultsOf 3739 records screened, 33 peer-reviewed articles and one conference abstract were included. Rapid declines in incidence of hepatitis A and related outcomes were observed in all age groups post-introduction of UV programs, which persisted for at least 14 years for two-dose and six years for one-dose programs according to respective study durations. Vaccine effectiveness was ≥95% over 3–5 years for two-dose programs. Vaccine efficacy was >98% over 0.1–7.5 years for one-dose vaccination. Antibody persistence in vaccinated individuals was documented for up to 15 years (≥90%) and ten years (≥74%) for two-dose and one-dose schedules, respectively.ConclusionExperience with two-dose UV of children against HAV is extensive, demonstrating an impact on the incidence of hepatitis A and antibody persistence for at least 15 years in many countries globally. Because evidence is more limited for one-dose UV, we were unable to draw conclusions on immune response persistence beyond ten years or the need for booster doses later in life. Ongoing epidemiological monitoring is essential in countries implementing one-dose UV against HAV. Based on current evidence, two doses of non-live HAV vaccines are needed to ensure long-term protection.