The induction of systemic and mucosal immune responses following the subcutaneous immunization of mature adult mice: characterization of the antibodies in mucosal secretions of animals immunized with antigen formulations containing a vitamin D3 adjuvant

Systemic and mucosal immune responses were effectively induced following the subcutaneous administration of Haemophilus influenzae type b oligosaccharide conjugated to diphtheria toxoid vaccine in a formulation containing the active form of vitamin D3. IgA and IgG antibodies with specificity for both the protein and oligosaccharide components of the vaccine were detectable in mucosal secretions following immunization. The IgA and IgG mucosal antibodies were produced locally, and were functional as demonstrated by their diphtheria toxin neutralizing activity. Our data suggests that subcutaneous tissues can effectively serve as effective antigen presenting sites for both mucosal and systemic immune responses to antigens administered in combination with vitamin D3.     

Antitumor Effector Mechanism of Interleukin-lβ at a Distant Site in the Double Grafted Tumor System

Recombinant human interleukin-lβ (IL-lβ) Inhibited the growth of not only the right, but also the left non-treated tumor in a double grafted tumor system. Since the antitumor activity of IL-lβ against the right and left tumors was not seen in nude mice, lymphocytes have a key role in the antitumor effect of intratumoral administration of IL-lβ. TIL (tumor-infiltrating leukocytes) obtained from left and right side tumors treated with IL-1β were examined by Winn assay for their antitumor activity against Meth-A sarcoma in BALB/c mice. TIL from the right side clearly inhibited the growth of admixed Meth-A cells, but control TIL did not. Spleen cells and right and left regional lymph node cells prepared from IL-1-treated mice were examined for Lyt-1, Lyt-2 and L3T4 phenotypes. The number of Lyt-1-positive lymphocytes increased in the spleen and in the right regional lymph nodes after intratumoral administration of IL-1. Isolated tumor cells obtained from the right tumor treated with IL-lβ and the left side tumor on day 6 were cultured in RPMI1640 with 10% fetal calf serum for 24 h. The culture supernatants were harvested and tested for the presence of chemotactic activity for neutrophils or macrophages. Significant neutrophil chemotactic factor and macrophage chemotactic factor activities were detected in the culture media from IL-1-treated tumor tissues cultured for 24 h. Neither significant neutrophil nor macrophage chemotactic activity was detected in the media from untreated tumor tissues. These results suggest that intratumoral administration of IL-1 first induces neutrophils and macrophages in the right tumor, then Lyt-1-positive cells in the right regional lymph nodes and in the spleen, and subsequently induces macrophages in the left, non-treated tumor.     

早期梅毒皮损组织CD3、CD20和CD68的表达

为探讨一，二期梅毒皮损组织细胞免疫应答过程及机制，采用免疫组织化学及计算机图像分析的探讨，对一，二期梅毒病损组织中的CD3，CD20，CD68表达进行定性定量分析研究。结果显示，43例一，二期梅毒标本中CD3，CD20，CD68表达均阳性，表达水平病期发展，皮肤损害加重而逐渐升高。CD68表达水平高于CD3，CD20，尤其在血管周围表达明显增高，CD20表达较低。研究表明，T细胞，B细胞，特别是巨噬细胞在清除早期梅毒组织内感染的梅毒螺旋体过程中起着重要的细胞免疫调节作用，但作用不完全。     

雏凤精对小鼠免疫功能的影响

正常小鼠肌肉注射环磷酰胺(CTX)或醋酸氢化泼尼松(HPA)造成免疫低下模型,通过巨噬细胞(Mφ)吞噬功能试验,淋巴器官重量测定,外周血淋巴细胞α-醋酸萘酯酶染色,溶血素测定及PFC试验,观察雏凤精对小鼠免疫系统的影响。结果表明:雏凤精能完全或部分对抗免疫抑制剂的免疫抑制作用,对细胞及体液免疫功能均有一定保护和促进作用。     

Serum and CSF immunological findings in ALS

Serum and CSF immunological findings were analysed in 37 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). ALS patients had significantly higher mean values of serum IgG and complement component C4 and significantly lower mean value of total haemolytic titre of complement (THC) compared with normal controls. Incidence of immune complexes (ICs) was significantly higher in sera of ALS patients than in normal controls. There was no significant difference regarding mean serum levels of IgM, IgA, and complement components C3 and Factor B between patients and controls. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage was found in 46% of patients. Intrathecal IgG synthesis was detected in six patients (16%). These results support the hypothesis of immune system involvement in ALS.     

Clinical Study on General lmmunotherapy of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

In the present study,67 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)were treated withimmunotherapy or immunochernotherapy.The results indicated that natural killer cell(NK)andantibody-dependent cytotoxicity cell(ADCC)activities and lymphocyte transformation rate(LTR)were significantly improved in vivo after treatment.The NK activity in tumor tissue,which showed aheavy immunosuppression,could also be enhanced and recovered to normal level after treatment withlymphokine mixture and 5-fluorouracil(5-FU).Immunity of host with postoperativeimmunochemotherapy was rapidly improved and recovery vate was high.The survival time in thesecases of unresectable tumors was obviously prolonged when a general immunotherapy was used.Immunochemotherapy can impr(?)ve immunity and inhibit selectively Ts cells as well as kill directly thetremor cells;therefore,it can play an important role in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinomaand in the prevention of its recurrence after operation.     

Clinical validation of a novel enzyme‐linked immunosorbent spot assay‐based in vitro diagnostic assay to monitor cytomegalovirus‐specific cell‐mediated immunity in kidney transplant recipients: a multicenter,longitudinal, prospective,observational study

Impaired cytomegalovirus (CMV)‐specific cell‐mediated immunity (CMV‐CMI) is a major cause of CMV reactivation and associated complications in solid‐organ transplantation. Reliably assessing CMV‐CMI is desirable to individually adjust antiviral and immunosuppressive therapy. This study aimed to evaluate the suitability of T‐Track^® CMV, a novel IFN‐γ ELISpot assay based on the stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with pp65 and IE‐I CMV proteins, to monitor CMV‐CMI following kidney transplantation. A prospective longitudinal multicenter study was conducted in 86 intermediate‐risk renal transplant recipients. CMV‐CMI, CMV viral load, and clinical complications were monitored over 6 months post‐transplantation. Ninety‐five percent and 88–92% ELISpot assays were positive pre‐ and post‐transplantation, respectively. CMV‐specific response was reduced following immunosuppressive treatment and increased in patients with graft rejection, indicating the ability of the ELISpot assay to monitor patients' immunosuppressive state. Interestingly, median pp65‐specific response was ninefold higher in patients with self‐clearing viral load compared to antivirally treated patients prior to first viral load detection (P < 0.001), suggesting that reactivity to pp65 represents a potential immunocompetence marker. Altogether, T‐Track^® CMV is a highly sensitive IFN‐γ ELISpot assay, suitable for the immunomonitoring of CMV‐seropositive renal transplant recipients, and with a potential use for the risk assessment of CMV‐related clinical complications (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02083042).     

创伤后T细胞功能与抑制性T细胞及反抑制T细胞活性变化的关系

目的：研究创伤后Ｔ细胞功能与抑制性Ｔ细胞（Ｔｓ）及反抑制Ｔ细胞（Ｔｃｓ）活性变化的关系。方法：利用小鼠截肢伤模型，观察Ｔ细胞功能的变化，并测定Ｔｓ细胞对正常Ｔ细胞功能的抑制活性以及Ｔｃｓ细胞对Ｔｓ细胞的反抑制活性变化。结果：创伤小鼠脾细胞的Ｔ淋巴细胞转化活性降低，辅助性Ｔ细胞（Ｔｈ）、Ｔｃｓ细胞数目一过性减少，Ｔｓ细胞数目一过性增多；创伤后Ｔｓ细胞对正常Ｔ淋巴细胞转化、白细胞介素２（ＩＬ２）生成、ＩＬ２受体α（ＩＬ２Ｒα）表达、ＩＬ２ｍＲＮＡ及ＩＬ２ＲαｍＲＮＡ水平的抑制作用明显增强，而Ｔｃｓ细胞对Ｔｓ细胞的反抑制活性明显减弱；Ｔｓ细胞抑制率及Ｔｃｓ细胞反抑制率变化与Ｔ淋巴细胞转化活性降低均密切相关；去除创伤小鼠脾细胞中Ｔｓ细胞，则可明显提高Ｔ淋巴细胞转化活性、ＩＬ２生成及ＩＬ２Ｒα表达；正常Ｔｃｓ细胞对伤后Ｔｓ细胞抑制作用具有一定的逆转效应。结论：创伤后Ｔｓ细胞活性增强、Ｔｃｓ细胞反抑制活性减弱可能均介导了创伤后Ｔ细胞功能的受抑过程     

Cytokine gene transfer in tumor cells as an approach to antitumor therapy

Summary The transfer of cytokine genes into cancer cells, resulting in cytokine release directly at the site of tumor growth, has proven effective in inhibiting tumor growth in the absence of any toxic effect. Some cytokines induce tumor suppression even in T-cell-deficient mice, suggesting their potential therapeutic effect in poorly immunogenic tumors; other cytokines induce memory T cells that protect mice from subsequent tumor injection. The effects of cytokine genes transferred into tumor cells are summarized and implications discussed.     

Improved outcomes of islet autotransplant after total pancreatectomy by combined blockade of IL‐1β and TNFα

The efficacy of islet transplant is compromised by a significant loss of islet mass posttransplant due to an innate inflammatory reaction. We report the use of a combination of etanercept and anakinra (ANA+ETA) to block inflammatory islet damage in 100 patients undergoing total pancreatectomy with islet autotransplant. The patients were divided into 3 groups: no treatment (control [CTL]), etanercept alone (ETA), or a combination of etanercept and anakinra (ANA+ETA). Peritransplant serum samples were analyzed for protein markers of islet damage and for inflammatory cytokines. Graft function was assessed by fasting blood glucose, basal C‐peptide, secretory unit of islet transplant objects (SUITO) index, and hemoglobin A_1c. Administration of both antiinflammatory drugs was well tolerated without any major adverse events. Reductions in interleukin‐6, interleukin‐8, and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 were observed in patients receiving ANA+ETA compared with the CTL group, while also showing a modest improvement in islet function as assessed by basal C‐peptide, glucose, hemoglobin A_1c, and SUITO index but without differences in insulin dose. These results suggest that double cytokine blockade (ANA+ETA) reduces peritransplant islet damage due to nonspecific inflammation and may represent a promising strategy to improve islet engraftment, leading to better transplant outcomes.