高血压脑出血不同术式疗效比较

目的比较高血压脑出血的传统开颅术（简称传统组）、CT引导血肿吸引术（定向组）和微创骨窗入路（微创组）3种手术方法，分析手术疗效，探讨手术适应证。方法对105例出血性脑卒中患者，采用单盲研究方法，对比3种手术方式疗效。结果术后1个月内传统组（34例）死亡2例，微创组（35例）和定向组（36例）均无死亡病例。术后3个月内三组中均无新发死亡病例。结论微创骨窗入路及CT引导吸引术治疗高血压脑出血的疗效好，手术死亡率与致残率低，微创组及定向组Kamafky行为能力评分明显高于传统组（P〈0．05）。     

Anatomical Variations in the Pseudosylvian Fissure Morphology of Brachy‐, Dolicho‐, and Mesaticephalic Dogs

The purpose of the study is the following: (1) to anatomically characterize the right and the left pseudosylvian fissure (Psf) morphology; (2) to determine Psf variations between both hemispheres and between the three considered groups; and (3) to understand how these variations may influence brain surgery for dogs. Also we sought to determine whether there are any potential differences between brachy‐ (B), dolicho‐ (D), and mesaticephalic (M) dogs. The present study considered 138 brain hemispheres (N = 138) from 69 adult dog cadavers and used bregma craniometric point (b‐ the junction of coronal and sagittal cranial vault sutures) to characterize the Psf location on the superolateral brain surface. For statistical analysis, P values <0.05 were considered significant. The Psf was easily identified in all specimens at both hemispheres. Statistically significant differences for Psf width were registered between the groups, presenting M as the narrowest Psf regions. Fissure body length can be sorted in ascending order as D < M < B in both hemispheres, with the left Psf bigger than the right for all considered skulls. The greatest difference was registered in the B group with the left Psf 25.0% bigger than the right. Bregma has proved to be useful to appoint Psf location as more superior or inferior in the encephalic lateral surface, exhibiting in all groups the left Psf a superior position. For the groups the most inferior location was registered in M and the most superior in D. Understanding the Psf morphology and anatomical variations may provide important information to ensure safer intracranial procedures. Anat Rec, 298:1255–1260, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

额颞枕顶超大骨瓣减压术对幕上恶性脑梗塞的临床疗效研究

目的：评估额颞枕顶超大骨瓣减压术对幕上恶性脑梗塞（ supra－tentorial malignant in－farcts,STMBI）的临床疗效。方法：采用前瞻性研究的方法,将临床和放射学诊断为STMBI的患者分为手术组和对照组,比较两组的术后死亡率;随访1年后比较两组患者的格拉斯哥预后评分（ GOS）、Bar－thal指数。结果：本次研究共纳入共26例研究对象,其中手术组13例,对照组13例。术前两组年龄、GCS比较差异无统计学意义。随访1年结果显示,手术组和对照组1年生存率分别为为84．6％和69．2％（p＞0．05）。格拉斯哥预后评分（GOS）、Barthal 指数在手术组更好（p＜0．05）。结论：STMBI 患者早期行额颞枕顶超大骨瓣减压术与保守治疗相比,不仅降低了死亡率,还改善了预后。     

170例重型颅脑损伤的临床分析

目的 总结重型颅脑损伤患者的救治方法及经验.方法 对我科收治的170例GCS评分3～8分的重型颅脑损伤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 170例患者中标准外伤大骨瓣开颅术治疗135例,不需开颅手术17例,呼吸循环衰竭无法耐受手术治疗18例;按格拉斯哥预后评分法（GOS）评定：存活120例,随访6个月,恢复良好40例,中残20例,重残10例;死亡50例,其中术后死亡17例.结论 重型颅脑损伤患者病情危重、并发症多、病死率高,标准外伤大骨瓣开颅术可有效降低颅内压,解除脑疝,综合治疗可提高存活率.     

Awake craniotomy and electrophysiological mapping for eloquent area tumours

Objective

An awake craniotomy facilitates radical excision of eloquent area gliomas and ensures neural integrity during the excision. The study describes our experience with 67 consecutive awake craniotomies for the excision of such tumours.

Methods

Sixty-seven patients with gliomas in or adjacent to eloquent areas were included in this study. The patient was awake during the procedure and intraoperative cortical and white matter stimulation was performed to safely maximize the extent of surgical resection.

Results

Of the 883 patients who underwent craniotomies for supratentorial intraaxial tumours during the study period, 84 were chosen for an awake craniotomy. Sixty-seven with a histological diagnosis of glioma were included in this study. There were 55 men and 12 women with a median age of 34.6 years. Forty-two (62.6%) patients had positive localization on cortical stimulation. In 6 (8.9%) patients white matter stimulation was positive, five of whom had responses at the end of a radical excision. In 3 patients who developed a neurological deficit during tumour removal, white matter stimulation was negative and cessation of the surgery did not result in neurological improvement. Sixteen patients (24.6%) had intraoperative neurological deficits at the time of wound closure, 9 (13.4%) of whom had persistent mild neurological deficits at discharge, while the remaining 7 improved to normal. At a mean follow-up of 40.8 months, only 4 (5.9%) of these 9 patients had persistent neurological deficits.

Conclusion

Awake craniotomy for excision of eloquent area gliomas enable accurate mapping of motor and language areas as well as continuous neurological monitoring during tumour removal. Furthermore, positive responses on white matter stimulation indicate close proximity of eloquent cortex and projection fibres. This should alert the surgeon to the possibility of postoperative deficits to change the surgical strategy. Thus the surgeon can resect tumour safely, with the knowledge that he has not damaged neurological function up to that point in time thus maximizing the tumour resection and minimizing neurological deficits.     

小骨窗开颅清除急性硬膜外血肿

目的比较两种微创技术对急性硬膜外血肿的疗效。方法将128例需手术而不必去骨瓣减压的急性硬膜外血肿患者分为两组：A组55例,采用直切口小骨窗开颅清除血肿;B组73例,采用“∩”皮瓣骨窗常规开颅清除血肿。对两组患者手术时间、术中出血量、术中输血量、术后血肿残留量及术后6个月GOS进行比较。结果A组手术时间[（72±6）min]较B组[（114±42）min]显著缩短（P〈0．01）;A组术中出血量[（189±32）ml]较B组[（344±52）ml]明显减少（P〈0．01）;A组术中输血量[（70±40）ml]较B组[（180±60）ml]亦显著减少（P〈0．01）;A组术后血肿残留量[（8±2）ml]较B组[（5±2）ml]明显多（P〈0．05）;伤后6个月GOS评分A、B组分别为（4．95±0．23）分和（4．93±0．25）分,两组相较无明显差异（P〉0．05）。结论直切口小骨窗清除硬膜外血肿,能达到常规手术清除血肿的预后效果,但其手术时间、术中出血量、输血量却显著下降。     

不同手术方式治疗双额叶脑挫裂伤的临床疗效比较

目的：比较单侧开颅大脑镰切开术与双侧骨窗幵颜术治疗双额叶脑挫裂伤的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析我院神经外科2015年1~12月收治的72例双额叶脑挫裂伤患者的治疗情况,其中32例采用单侧开颅大脑镰切开术（单侧开颅组）,40例采用常规双侧骨窗开颅术(双侧开颅组),比较两组患者的手术时间、住院时间及术中输血量,所有患者术后3个月按GOS分级评价预后,术后6个月检查语言和精神障碍发生情况。结果单侧开颅组平均手术时间、平均住院时间和术中平均输血量分别为(109.3±22.8) min、(19.4±2.8) d和(342.6±22.8) mL,均明显少于双侧开颅组的(203.5±37.4) min、(25.7±4.2) d和(605.4±69.7) mL,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);术后3个月,单侧开颅组恢复良好率为53.13%(17/32),明显高于双侧开颅组的35.00%(14/40),差异有显著统计学意义(P<0.01)。术后6个月,单侧开颅组语言和精神障碍发生率分别为21.88%(7/32)、12.50%(4/32),明显低于双侧开颅组的45.00%(18/40)、32.50%(13/40),差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论单侧开颅大脑镰切开术治疗双额叶脑挫裂伤减少手术的二次损伤,缩短手术时间,对提高患者的预后具有积极的作用。     

神经导航联合神经内镜治疗高血压脑出血50例临床分析

目的观察神经导航联合神经内镜治疗高血压脑出血的临床疗效。方法 132例高血压脑出血患者,应用神经导航联合神经内镜治疗高血压脑出血50例(神经内镜组)与常规开颅血肿清除术治疗高血压脑出血82例(常规手术组)临床资料进行回顾性分析,比较两组的手术时间、术中失血量、血肿清除率及术后6个月日常生活能力(ADL)。结果神经内镜组平均手术时间[(2.1±1.2)小时],明显短于常规手术组[(4.1±2.1)小时](P0.01)。平均失血量神经内镜组为(52.5±11.3)ml,常规手术组为(458.2±185.2)ml,两组比较差异有统计学意义(t=6.125,P0.01)。神经内镜组颅内血肿平均清除率[(94.8±5.2)%]明显高于常规手术组[(81.2±18.8)%](P0.05)。依据ADL分级法,神经内镜组预后优于常规手术组(P0.05)。结论神经导航联合神经内镜治疗高血压脑出血手术切口小,骨窗小,手术时间短,术中失血量少等优势。     

细孔钻颅和小骨窗血肿清除术治疗老年高血压脑出血的疗效对比

目的 对比分析细孔钻颅术血肿抽吸术和小骨窗血肿清除术治疗老年高血压脑出血的疗效、安全性以及预后。方法 选择2014年1月至2015年1月亳州市人民医院收治的80例高血压脑出血患者,采用投掷硬币法将患者随机分为观察组40例及对照组40例,观察组行细孔钻颅血肿抽吸术,对照组行小骨窗血肿清除术,对比两组患者的手术效果、并发症、神经功能恢复情况及生存质量。结果 观察组手术时间、血肿吸收时间和住院时间均显著短于对照组（P<0.05）,观察组血肿清除率、术后恢复率均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,重残率、并发症均低于对照组（5.00% vs 45.00%,20.00% vs 27.50%）,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;出院时、术后随访期间美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表（NIHSS）评分均显著低于对照组（P<0.05）,观察组患者随访6个月、1年生存质量评分均高于对照组（P<0.05）。结论 细孔钻颅术较小骨窗血肿清除术治疗老年高血压脑出血疗效更为显著,并发症发生率低,术后恢复率高,且可明显改善患者神经功能和生存质量。