三种有机磷杀虫剂对印鼠客蚤的灭效研究

目的 实验室测试乐斯本、辛硫磷、敌敌畏3种杀虫剂对印鼠客蚤的杀灭效果。方法 瓶膜法。结果 （1）3种杀虫剂半数致死浓度LG50乐为5．9615mg／L，LC50半为6．7873mg／L，LC50敌为7．8343mg／L。（2）敌敌畏浓度在100、200mg／L时的KT50分别为9．0和4．2min，24h死亡率均为100％；辛硫磷在这2个浓度的KT50分别为44．5和23．6min，24h死亡率分别为98．7％和9718％；乐斯本在这2个浓度的24h死亡率分别为98．9％和100％。（3）浓度为100、200mg／L时，敌敌畏18min的击倒率分别为94．5％和100％，辛硫磷17min的击倒率分别为24．4％和41．1％。（4）残效：在浓度为50、100、200mg／L时，辛硫磷30d残效30min无击倒，24h死亡率为0；敌敌畏30d残效24h死亡率分别为0、16.7％、31．0％，效果较差。结论 3种药物在同一浓度下的速杀作用效果敌敌畏〉辛硫磷〉乐斯本，可将速杀效果好的与残效作用好的杀虫剂混配用于灭蚤。     

丹参浸膏真空带式干燥工艺的研究

目的研究并确定丹参浸膏真空带式干燥的最佳工艺条件。方法采用正交试验法和多指标综合评分法,以丹参浸膏干燥产品含水率和丹参浸膏干燥速率为考察指标,对影响丹参浸膏真空带式干燥过程的因素进行考察。结果丹参浸膏真空带式干燥的最佳工艺条件为丹参浸膏含水率40%,丹参浸膏进料速率1.5 mL/s,输送带速率5 cm/m in。结论采用真空带式干燥工艺生产丹参浸膏干燥颗粒,干燥产品含水率低,干燥速率快。     

海洋生物活素的研制及杀灭微生物效果与性能的检测

目的：选择天然抗菌活性物质研制成慈华牌海洋生物活索消毒剂，对其杀灭微生物效果与性能（稳定性、腐蚀性、影响因素、毒性）进行了检测，为评价、验证、应用该产品的实用剂量与杀葡能力及特性提供依据。方法：载体浸泡法测定其杀微生物效果和稳定性、腐蚀性、影响因素；小鼠毒理实验测定其毒性。结果：慈华牌海洋生物活素是以海洋生物复合酶、海藻酸聚多糖、海洋甲壳胺活素为主要原料混合而成的。300mg／L稀释液对布片上大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌作用2min，对布片上白色念珠菌作用5min，杀灭率均达99．99％。置54℃下放置14d，37℃相对湿度80％，放置90d有效成分下降率为6．12％，杀菌效果无明显影响。对不锈钢，铜无腐蚀，对碳钢、铝基本无腐蚀性。有机物50％小牛血清对该剂杀菌效果无明显影响。对小鼠经口LD50〉5000mg／kg属实际无毒级；蓄积毒性试验为弱蓄积毒性；蓄积系数K〉5；眼刺激试验积分为3．0分，属无刺激性；急性皮肤刺激试验积分为0分，属无刺激性；小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验为阴性，无致突变性；精子畸形试验结果为阴性。结论：慈华牌海洋生物活素消毒液杀菌效果、稳定性和毒性符合消毒剂基本要求。     

Modification of MTT assay conditions to examine the cytotoxic effects of amitraz on the human lymphoblastoid cell line, WIL2NS

Reported parameters of the MTT assay vary widely, and reflect a need to optimise the assay for different cell types. The MTT assay conditions for the human B-lymphocyte-derived cell line WIL2NS were optimised for MTT incubation and formazan development. The optimised MTT assay was validated by examining the effects of the acaride amitraz on WIL2NS. In pH-buffered media in the absence of cells, MTT formed formazan spontaneously, and absorbance was proportional to both the initial concentration of MTT and the time of incubation at 37 °C. One milligram per millilitre MTT was toxic to WIL2NS cells, but the accuracy of the standard curve was reduced when only 0.2 mg/ml MTT was used. Twenty percent SDS in 0.2 M HCl was preferable to DMSO as a solvent for formazan. Exposure to 0.035% amitraz resulted in a significant reduction in WIL2NS cell numbers after only 2 h of exposure. It was concluded that 0.035% of amitraz has the potential to adversely affect lymphocytes in the systemic blood system in humans, and that an optimised MTT assay was obtained by incubating WIL2NS cells with 0.45 mg/ml MTT for 17 h, followed by addition of acidified SDS for 1 h.     

经会阴四维盆底超声动态成像对初产妇膀胱膨出疾病分级与分型的临床价值

目的 探讨经会阴四维盆底超声动态成像对初产妇膀胱膨出疾病分级与分型的临床价值。方法 选取西安市第三医院2018年1月~2018年6月收治的盆底功能障碍性疾病（膀胱膨出）初产妇92例为研究对象,根据产妇的分娩方式分为经阴道分娩组（n=46）及剖宫产组（n=46）。在静息、屏气向下用力动作（Valaslva）及缩肛状态下观察两组患者膀胱尿道及盆膈裂孔的超声成像变化,测量膀胱相关参数数值并进行膀胱膨出Green分型。 结果 两组产妇经会阴盆底超声参数比较中,静止期BSD、尿道膀胱后角比较,差异均无统计学意义（均 P＞0.05）;剖宫产组产妇张力期BSD、尿道膀胱后角及膀胱颈移动度、尿道旋转角均明显小于经阴道分娩组产妇（均 P＜0.05）。 经阴道分娩组产妇膀胱膨出Green分型中,Ⅰ型6例（13.04%）,Ⅱ型26例（56.52%）,Ⅲ型14例（30.43%）;剖宫产组产妇膀胱膨出Green分型中,Ⅰ型14例（30.43%）,Ⅱ型23例（50.00%）,Ⅲ型9例（19.56%）。经阴道分娩组Ⅰ型膀胱膨出者明显少于剖宫产组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;而两组产妇Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型膀胱膨出例数比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论 经会阴四维盆底超声检查可清楚显示盆底解剖结构,有效区分不同分娩方式产妇的盆底Green类型,为临床制定治疗方案提供可靠的影像学资料。     

Perinatal toxicity and carcinogenicity studies of styrene-acrylonitrile trimer,a ground water contaminant

Styrene acrylonitrile (SAN) trimer is a by-product in the production of acrylonitrile styrene plastics. Following a report of a childhood cancer cluster in the Toms River section of Dover Township, New Jersey, SAN Trimer was identified as one of the groundwater contaminants at Reich Farm Superfund site in the township. The contaminants from the Reich Farm site's ground water plume impacted two wells at the Parkway well field. The National Toxicology Program (NTP) studied the toxicity and carcinogenicity of SAN Trimer in rats exposed during their perinatal developmental period and adulthood. The chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity studies in F344/N rats were preceded by 7- and 18-week perinatal toxicity studies to determine the exposure concentrations for the 2-year studies. Subsequently, Fisher 344 pregnant dams were exposed to SAN Trimer containing diet at 400, 800, or 1600 ppm concentrations during gestation, nursing and weaning periods of offspring followed by two year of adult exposures to both male and female pups. There was no statistically significant evidence of carcinogenic activity following SAN-Trimer exposure; however, rare neoplasms in the brain and spinal cord were observed in males and to lesser extent in female rats. These incidences were considered within the range of historical background in the animal model used in the current studies. Therefore, the presence of a few rarely occurring CNS tumors in the treated groups were not judged to be associated with the SAN Trimer exposure. The major finding was a dose-related peripheral neuropathy associated with the sciatic nerves in females and spinal nerve roots in males and females thereby suggesting that SAN Trimer is potentially a nervous system toxicant.     

Review of brachytherapy complications – Upper gastrointestinal tract

While brachytherapy applications are not widely used for cancer diagnoses in the upper GI tract (including the esophagus, liver, stomach, and pancreas), they have a clear role in palliation and symptom management and occasionally definitive locoregional treatment. With the increasing use of image-guided techniques, the incidence of side effects and complications has shown to be lower than many other alternative treatment modalities, making brachytherapy approaches a preferred treatment option. This review examines procedural complications and acute and chronic adverse effects from radiation associated with esophageal, hepatobiliary, and pancreatic brachytherapy and their management.     

护士决策分级护理工作流程的研究

[目的]制订护士决策分级护理的工作流程。[方法]应用Delphi法对19名护理专家和15名医疗专家进行护士决策分级护理工作流程的2轮专家咨询。[结果]护士决策分级护理分为准备、评估、决策、调整4个步骤;决策护士通过判断病人病情严重程度及生活自理能力,依据分级标准独立做出级别诊断,并下达在分级护理护嘱单上;某些特定情况护士无法决策护理级别时,与医生进行病情讨论后共同决议。[结论]制订并规范护士决策分级护理的工作流程,体现工作步骤关系并提供操作标准,使护理工作处于最佳运行状态,以提高护理质量。     

Patterns of presentation and clinical features of toxicity after reported use of ([2-aminopropyl]-2,3-dihydrobenzofurans), the ‘benzofuran’ compounds. A report from the United Kingdom National Poisons Information Service

Objective. To characterise the patterns of presentation and clinical features of toxicity following reported recreational use of benzofuran compounds ((2-aminopropyl)-2,3-dihydrobenzofurans) in the UK, as reported to the National Poisons Information Service (NPIS), and to compare clinical features of toxicity with those after reported mephedrone use. Methods. NPIS patient-specific telephone enquiries and user sessions for TOXBASE^®, the NPIS online information database, related to (2-aminopropyl)-2,3-dihydrobenzofurans and associated synonyms were reviewed from March 2009 to August 2013. These data were compared with those of mephedrone, the recreational substance most frequently reported to NPIS, collected over the same period. Results. There were 63 telephone enquiries concerning 66 patients and 806 TOXBASE^® user sessions regarding benzofuran compounds during the period of study. The first telephone enquiry was made in July 2010 and the highest numbers of enquiries were received in August 2010 (33 calls, 112 TOXBASE^® sessions). Patients were predominantly male (82%) with a median age of 29 years; 9 reported co-ingestion of other substances. Comparing the 57 patients who reported ingesting benzofuran compounds alone with 315 patients ingesting mephedrone alone, benzofurans were more often associated with stimulant features, including tachycardia, hypertension, mydriasis, palpitation, fever, increased sweating, and tremor, (72% vs. 38%, odds ratio [OR] 4.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.27–7.85, P < 0.0001) and mental health disturbances (58% vs. 38%, OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.29–4.07, P = 0.006). Other features reported after benzofuran compound ingestion included gastrointestinal symptoms (16%), reduced level of consciousness (9%), chest pain (7%), and creatinine kinase elevation (5%). Conclusions. Reported ingestion of benzofuran compounds is associated with similar toxic effects to those of amphetamines and cathinones. Mental health disturbances and stimulant features were reported more frequently following reported ingestion of benzofuran compounds than after ingestion of mephedrone.     

Hepatotoxicity reports in the FDA adverse event reporting system database: A comparison of drugs that cause injury via mitochondrial or other mechanisms

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a leading reason for preclinical safety attrition and post-market drug withdrawals. Drug-induced mitochondrial toxicity has been shown to play an essential role in various forms of DILI, especially in idiosyncratic liver injury. This study examined liver injury reports submitted to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) for drugs associated with hepatotoxicity via mitochondrial mechanisms compared with non-mitochondrial mechanisms of toxicity. The frequency of hepatotoxicity was determined at a group level and individual drug level. A reporting odds ratio (ROR) was calculated as the measure of effect. Between the two DILI groups, reports for DILI involving mitochondrial mechanisms of toxicity had a 1.43 (95% CI 1.42–1.45; P < 0.0001) times higher odds compared to drugs associated with non-mitochondrial mechanisms of toxicity. Antineoplastic, antiviral, analgesic, antibiotic, and antimycobacterial drugs were the top five drug classes with the highest ROR values. Although the top 20 drugs with the highest ROR values included drugs with both mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial injury mechanisms, the top four drugs (ROR values > 18: benzbromarone, troglitazone, isoniazid, rifampin) were associated with mitochondrial mechanisms of toxicity. The major demographic influence for DILI risk was also examined. There was a higher mean patient age among reports for drugs that were associated with mitochondrial mechanisms of toxicity [56.1 ± 18.33 (SD)] compared to non-mitochondrial mechanisms [48 ± 19.53 (SD)] (P < 0.0001), suggesting that age may play a role in susceptibility to DILI via mitochondrial mechanisms of toxicity. Univariate logistic regression analysis showed that reports of liver injury were 2.2 (odds ratio: 2.2, 95% CI 2.12–2.26) times more likely to be associated with older patient age, as compared with reports involving patients less than 65 years of age. Compared to males, female patients were 37% less likely (odds ratio: 0.63, 95% CI 0.61–0.64) to be subjects of liver injury reports for drugs associated with mitochondrial toxicity mechanisms. Given the higher proportion of severe liver injury reports among drugs associated with mitochondrial mechanisms of toxicity, it is essential to understand if a drug causes mitochondrial toxicity during preclinical drug development when drug design alternatives, more clinically relevant animal models, and better clinical biomarkers may provide a better translation of drug-induced mitochondrial toxicity risk assessment from animals to humans. Our findings from this study align with mitochondrial mechanisms of toxicity being an important cause of DILI, and this should be further investigated in real-world studies with robust designs.