肺咳停颗粒止咳、祛痰、平喘、抗炎作用研究

目的 研究肺咳停颗粒的止咳、祛痰、平喘、抗炎作用。方法 通过浓氨水诱发小鼠咳嗽模型,观察肺咳停颗粒（0.97、1.94、3.88 g生药/kg）止咳作用;通过小鼠酚红分泌实验,观察其祛痰作用;通过卵蛋白诱发豚鼠哮喘模型,观察其（0.59、1.18、2.36 g生药/kg）平喘作用;通过大鼠琼脂肉芽肿炎症模型,观察其（0.67、1.34、2.68 g生药/kg）抗炎作用;通过小鼠二甲苯耳肿胀炎症模型,观察其抗炎作用。结果 与对照组比较,肺咳停颗粒低、中、高剂量组均能延长小鼠咳嗽潜伏期、减少2 min内咳嗽次数;增加小鼠酚红分泌量;延长豚鼠哮喘发作潜伏期;抑制大鼠琼脂块的生长和小鼠耳肿胀程度,并且呈现一定量效关系（P<0.05、0.01）。结论 肺咳停颗粒具有一定的止咳、祛痰、平喘、抗炎作用。     

电子鼻技术应用于川贝母真伪及规格辨识的可行性分析

目的 基于电子鼻技术,建立一种快速而准确的川贝母真伪及规格辨识新方法,并探讨该技术用于中药饮片鉴定的可行性。方法 以川贝母为研究对象,收集80批待测样品,以电子鼻嗅觉感官数据为自变量X,以2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》所载方法结果为主,并参考传统经验辨识结果作为标杆辨识信息Y,利用判别分析（DA）,最小二乘支持向量机（LS-SVM）,主成分分析-判别分析（PCA-DA）,偏最小二乘法-判别分析（PLS-DA）4种化学计量学方法分别建立川贝母饮片真伪及商品规格辨识模型Y=F（X）;以辨识准确率、耗时为指标,对结果进行探讨。结果 经留一法交互验证,在真伪辨识中,上述4种模型正确率分别为93.75%,91.25%,95.00%和95.00%,以PCA-DA与PLS-DA辨识模型为最优;在规格辨识中,4种模型辨识正确率分别为86.67%,88.00%,89.33%和68.00%,以PCA-DA辨识模型为最优。电子鼻辨识真伪及规格模型的准确率均较高,耗时相对较短。结论 电子鼻技术可准确、快速地对川贝母进行鉴别,在时效性和正判率方面均具有显著优势。     

浙贝母、天麻和红景天最细粉的稳定性研究

目的 考察浙贝母、天麻和红景天最细粉的质量稳定性.方法 采用常温留样实验考察,连续追踪12个月,比较不同时间的3种中药最细粉的形貌结构、粒径、比表面积、堆密度、休止角等粉体学特征以及有效成分的量和体外溶出曲线.结果 经过12个月的常温留样实验,浙贝母、天麻和红景天最细粉的粉体学特征没有发生显著性改变,3种中药最细粉的有效成分的量基本保持不变,体外溶出率曲线的差异性很小,具有等价性.结论 浙贝母、天麻和红景天最细粉,在12个月的常温留样实验考察期内,质量稳定性良好.     

川贝母的HPLC指纹图谱研究

目的 研究不同品种川贝母的HPLC指纹图谱.方法 采用HPLC法建立贝母的指纹图谱,分析比对各图谱,采用SPSS 19.0软件对数据进行系统聚类分析.结果 基于色谱图的直观分析和聚类分析结果,可将川贝母的指纹图谱分为4类典型的指纹图谱.结论 利用化学模式识别来对川贝母的HPLC指纹图谱进行分析,有助于提高其理化鉴别的专属性.     

川贝母止嗽颗粒的急性毒性测试

目的：评价川贝母止嗽颗粒的急性毒性。方法：小鼠灌胃给予川贝母止嗽颗粒流浸膏,每日3次,连续观察14 d内小鼠的体重、饮食,毒性反应及死亡情况。结果：给药组和对照组小鼠在第1、7、14 d的体重并无差异（P〉0.05）;川贝母止嗽颗粒小鼠的最大耐受量（MTD）为187.53 g/kg（成人临床日用量的201倍）。结论：川贝母止嗽颗粒在临床常用剂量下是安全的。     

制川乌与川贝母、浙贝母配伍前后化学成分的变化研究

目的 研究制川乌与川贝母、浙贝母配伍前后其化学成分的整体变化情况,从而分析乌头反贝母的相反机制。方法 使用UPLC-ESI-LTQ-MS对配伍前后的煎煮液进行分析,采用主成分分析（PCA）对数据进行分析并采用多级串联质谱技术对化学标志物进行鉴定。结果 制川乌与川贝母、浙贝母配伍前后成分均有明显差异,其中与川贝母配伍产生5个化学标志物,与浙贝母配伍产生6个化学标志物,重复出现的标志物为次乌头碱和苯甲酰基次乌头原碱。结论 制川乌与两种贝母配伍后的化学标志物差异较大,仅有2个相同,结合前期的急性毒性试验结果,推测制川乌与不同贝母配伍后LD₅₀的变化与其配伍后化学成分的变化相关;从而说明相反不完全是通过其化学成分变化引起的,其相反机制可能还通过其他因素共同引起。     

Chondrichthyans have a bulbus arteriosus at the arterial pole of the heart: morphological and evolutionary implications

It has been generally assumed that the outflow tract of the chondrichthyan heart consists of the conus arteriosus, characterized by cardiac muscle in its walls. However, classical observations, neglected for many years, indicated that the distal component of the cardiac outflow tract of several elasmobranch species was composed of tissue resembling that of the ventral aorta. The present study was outlined to test the hypothesis that this intrapericardial, non-myocardial component might be homologous to the actinopterygian bulbus arteriosus. The material consisted of Atlantic catshark adults and embryos, which were examined by means of histochemical and immunohistochemical techniques for light and fluorescence microscopy. In this species, the distal component of the outflow tract differs histomorphologically from both the ventral aorta and the conus arteriosus; it is devoid of myocardium, is covered by epicardium and is crossed by the coronary arterial trunks. In the embryonic hearts examined, this distal component showed positive reactivity for 4,5-diaminofluorescein 2-diacetate (DAF-2DA), a fluorescent nitric oxide indicator. These findings, together with other observations in holocephals and several elasmobranch species, confirm that chondrichthyans possess a bulbus arteriosus interposed between the conus arteriosus and the ventral aorta. Therefore, the primitive heart of gnathostomates consists of five intrapericardial components, sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle, conus arteriosus and bulbus arteriosus, indicating that the bulbus arteriosus can no longer be regarded as an actinopterygian apomorphy. The DAF-2DA-positive reactivity of the chondrichthyan embryonic bulbus suggests that this structure is homologous to the base of the great arterial trunks of birds and mammals, which derives from the embryonic secondary heart field.     

基于改进YOLOv7-tiny算法的浙贝母切片角度识别

目的 基于改进的YOLOv7-tiny算法实现浙贝母切片角度的自动识别。方法 通过数据增广构建16 000张包含不同角度浙贝母的图像数据集。对YOLOv7-tiny算法进行改进,将普通卷积替换为鬼影卷积（GhostConv）,优选添加坐标注意力机制（CA）,将部分激活函数替换为计算量更小的HardSwish函数,在损失函数中添加角度识别误差的惩罚项,并针对同一目标有多个识别结果的现象修改非极大值抑制（NMS）策略。为验证不同改进点对算法模型优化的有效性,对所有的改进点进行消融实验,通过对比在原模型或增加了已验证有效性的改进点的模型基础上增加某改进点前后的预测结果,以评价指标的改善,证明该改进点的有效性。结果 改进的浙贝母切片角度识别算法所需参数量约为原算法的55.4%,计算量约为原算法的59.4%,交并比（IoU）为0.5时的平均精度均值（mAP@0.5）上升了12.2%,识别角度的平均绝对误差（MAE）为5.02°,较原始算法降低了4.58°,在本研究实验环境中,单张图片平均识别时间可达8.7 ms,远快于人类平均反应时间。结论 该研究使用改进YOLOv7-tiny算法实现了浙贝母切片角度的识别,且较原模型更轻量,识别准确度更高,为稳定、准确的浙贝母切片自动化提供了新方法,同时为其他中药的自动化炮制提供了一定的参考。     

基于便携式近红外光谱技术快速检测川贝母掺伪问题

目的:利用便携式近红外光谱技术对川贝母及其掺伪品进行快速鉴别及掺伪量快速检测,以建立系统的川贝母掺伪质量评价体系.方法:采集川贝母样品72批并制作不同类别掺伪品(浙贝母、平贝母、伊贝母、湖北贝母、光慈菇、面粉)570批;利用便携式近红外光谱仪采集样品近红外光谱数据;利用线性判别分析(LDA)及偏最小二乘法(PLS)分别...     

Bulbus arteriosus of the antarctic teleosts. II. The red‐blooded Trematomus bernacchii

The structure of the bulbus arteriosus of the Antarctic teleost, Trematomus bernacchii, has been studied by light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. The wall of the bulbus arteriosus is divided into endocardial, subendocardial, middle and external layers. The endocardial endothelium covers the inner surface of the bulbus wall and invaginates into the subendocardium to form solid epithelial cords that show secretory activity. The subendocardial tissue is divided into finger‐like ridges. Ridge cells located under the endocardium appear in niches limited by collagen fibers and thin cell extensions. Away from the endocardium ridge cells cluster into small groups, show some of the characteristics of smooth muscle cells, and appear enmeshed in a filamentous meshwork that lacks collagen and elastin fibers. The middle bulbus layer is formed by typical smooth muscle cells that are enmeshed in a filamentous meshwork similar to that observed in the ridges. The ridges and the middle layer appear to be formed by the same cell type, smooth muscle, with a gradient of differentiation from the endocardium toward the middle layer. In the absence of elastin fibers the filamentous meshwork should confer elastic properties to the bulbus wall. The stretching of the meshwork along the main axis of the middle layer cells, and between different cellular layers, suggests the existence of tensile stress and, hence, the involvement of smooth muscle cells in bulbus wall dynamics. The external layer is formed by numerous cellular types embedded in a collagenous matrix. Among these cellular types, myofibroblasts, macrophages, granulocytes, lymphocytes, dendrite‐like cells, degenerating cells, and plasma cells can be recognized. The subepicardial tissue appears to be a specialized site involved in the production of the humoral immune response and displays many of the morphological characteristics of a germinal center. The outer limiting layer of the bulbus, the visceral pericardium, is formed by epithelial cells that show desmosomes and tight junctions. This suggests a close control of permeability with respect to the pericardial fluid. Anat Rec 256:116–126, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.