致肝损伤中药的减毒措施及肝损伤的中药防治作用

中药在疾病预防和治疗的过程中发挥重大作用,但部分中药在临床的长期应用过程中,给人体带来的不良反应也逐渐显现出来,肝损伤属于其中之一。肝损伤也是中药新药研发过程中作为临床安全用药的重要检查项目,已成为众多上市药物退出市场的重要原因。随着对中药临床用药安全性的关注增加,关于中药肝损伤研究日益增多,大多数研究集中于中药或者中药成分的肝脏损伤研究。为了提高中药的安全性,该文总结了部分致肝损伤中药的物质基础和机制及降低中药肝损伤的措施,包括减少给药剂量和疗程,改变给药途径,改变药物剂型,药物配伍和炮制等方法;此外该文还总结了防治各种诱导物诱发肝损伤的单体中药、中药复方和中药成分及防治肝损伤的生物效应和作用机制。结合现代致肝损伤中药的减毒研究,提出明确致肝损伤中药的安全剂量和“毒-效”界限,明确减毒措施的减毒机制及确定致肝损伤中药的毒性物质基础,为致肝损伤中药的临床应用提供安全性保障;结合中药防治肝损伤的研究,提出加强中药防治肝损伤的临床研究的同时,利用现代科学技术“从局部到整体”来阐释中药复方防治肝损伤的科学内涵,进而为临床防治肝损伤提供科学依据。     

Risks Associated with the Use of Garcinia as a Nutritional Complement to Lose Weight

Nowadays, obesity is one of the great nutritional problems facing public health. The prevalence of this pathology has increased in a worrying way over recent years, currently reaching epidemic proportions. In this context, nutritional supplements are presented as a therapeutic alternative to which more and more people are turning to. Nutritional supplements to lose weight based on the Garcinia plant, specifically on Garcinia cambogia, are commonly used. The active principle of this plant to which these properties have been attributed, is hydroxycitric acid (HCA). The aim of the present review is to gather reported data concerning the effectiveness of nutritional supplements based on Garcinia extracts on weight loss and their possible negative effects. Contradictory results have been observed regarding the effectiveness of the supplements. While statistically significant weight loss was observed in some studies, no changes were found in others. Regarding safety, although Garcinia supplements have been revealed as safe in the vast majority of the studies carried out in animal models and humans, some cases of hepatotoxicity, serotonin toxicity and mania have been reported. In conclusion, the results suggest that Garcinia-based supplements could be effective in short-term weight loss, although the data are not conclusive. In addition, the safety of the complement should be further studied.     

Matcha Green Tea Alleviates Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice by Regulating Lipid Metabolism and Inflammatory Responses

Lately, matcha green tea has gained popularity as a beverage and food additive. It has proved to be effective in preventing obesity and related metabolic syndromes. However, the underlying mechanisms of its control effects against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are complicated and remain elusive. In the present study, we performed an in vivo experiment using male C57BL/6 mice fed with a high-fat diet and simultaneously treated with matcha for six weeks. Serum biochemical parameters, histological changes, lipid accumulation, inflammatory cytokines, and relevant indicators were examined. Dietary supplementation of matcha effectively prevented excessive accumulation of visceral and hepatic lipid, elevated blood glucose, dyslipidemia, abnormal liver function, and steatosis hepatitis. RNA sequencing analyses of differentially expressed genes in liver samples indicated that matcha treatment decreased the activity of lipid droplet-associated proteins and increased the activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes, suggesting improved metabolic capacity and liver function. The current study provided evidence for new dietary strategies based on matcha supplementation to ameliorate lipotoxicity-induced obesity and NALFD.     

嘎木朱尔涂膜剂的毒性试验研究

目的：为使嘎木朱尔涂膜剂的临床用药安全、合理,而对其毒性作用进行了考察。方法：将嘎木朱尔涂膜剂分为高、中、低三个剂量组（按其浓度为0．172g/ml,0.086g/ml,0.043g/ml）给药,用于家兔皮肤,同时做空白基质对照,测定其涂膜剂对家兔皮肤的急性毒性、长期毒性试验。结果：各给药剂量组和空白基质对照组对家兔的体重增长,脏器系数（g/ml）、血液常规,生物化学等项指标的测定均无显著性差异（P＜0．05）。结论：嘎木朱尔涂膜剂用于家兔皮肤无毒并能加快受损皮肤的愈合。     

强氧酸性离子水毒性试验研究

目的 了解新型消毒剂强氧酸性离子水的毒性。方法 采用一次性限量灌胃法测定急性经口ＬＤ５０;采用剂量递增蓄积系数法测定蓄积毒性;采用取样前３０小时、６小时两次给予受试物法测定其对小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核形成的影响;用斑贴法测定其对动物的皮肤刺激强度;用棉条浸入法测定其对大鼠阴道粘膜的刺激强度。结果急性经口ＬＤ５０大于２１５００ｍｇ／ｋｇ·ｂｗ,属实际无毒物,蓄积试验属弱蓄积性,对小鼠骨髓微核细胞未见损伤作用,对家兔皮肤和大鼠阴道粘膜无刺激。结论 强氧酸性离子水是一种安全的消毒剂。     

中药配伍减毒增效的现代研究及思考

中药配伍是中医药临床应用的精华之一,合理配伍是保障中药临床用药有效性和安全性的重要措施。配伍后减毒增效机制的研究是诠释中药配伍合理性的关键内容。中药配伍机制研究正处于从体外到体内、成分到靶标、单一技术到多学科融合研究技术的转变历程,因此提出以“体外成分、体内过程、直接靶标”研究为基础,“中药配伍药理机制研究”为目的,从不同角度和不同层面探索中药配伍后作用机制的研究策略。     

醋制商陆正丁醇部位降低肝肾毒性作用机制研究

目的 采用代谢组学的方法探究商陆Phytolacca acinosa醋制前后正丁醇部位肝肾毒性的差异及减毒作用机制。方法 采用UPLC-Q-TOF/MS的方法对商陆醋制前后正丁醇部位的成分变化进行研究。小鼠ig商陆生醋品正丁醇部位低、高剂量（27、54 mg/kg）28 d后,通过血清生化指标和病理切片评价商陆醋制前后的肝肾毒性差异;采用UPLC-Q-TOF/MS对血清进行数据采集;通过QI、HMDB及MetaboAnalyst 5.0寻找与商陆炮制减毒相关的差异代谢物及代谢通路。结果 商陆醋制后部分皂苷类成分含量下降显著,并能够明显降低生品导致的肝肾功能指标的异常升高。病理切片结果显示,与对照组比较,生品组的肝、肾组织病变明显;醋制后病变程度显著减轻。通路富集分析发现胆汁酸代谢可能与商陆醋制减毒密切相关;进一步对胆汁酸进行半定量分析发现,商陆醋制后能够改善生品导致的结合型胆汁酸含量的下降及次级胆汁酸含量的升高,从而改善胆汁酸代谢紊乱。结论 商陆生品具有肝肾毒性,醋制后皂苷类成分含量下降,毒性显著降低,其作用机制可能与改善胆汁酸代谢紊乱密切相关。     

3种抗肿瘤有毒蒙药的研究进展

随着社会发展和生活水平的提高,恶性肿瘤已经成为影响人类健康的重大疾病之一。有毒蒙药在治疗疾病及救治疑难杂症中具有重要作用。多种有毒蒙药有一定的抗肿瘤作用,且有着良好的治疗效果,但由于其本身的毒性,使其在临床上的应用受到很大的限制。蒙医在实践中不断摸索出有毒蒙药的多种减毒方法,如采用配伍、炮制等减毒手段进行处理,以达到降低毒性、提高疗效的作用。通过对3种代表性有毒蒙药斑蝥Mylabris、草乌Aconiti Kusnezoffii Radix、瑞香狼毒Stellerae Chamaejasmes Radix的抗肿瘤作用、毒性机制及减毒策略进行综述,为其临床用药及新药开发提供依据。     

中药毒性相关数据库的研究现状及对比研究

中药毒性研究是中药安全性研究的重要议题,将具有毒性的中药成分及其作用机制进行整理是进行中药毒性研究的基础。因此,通过当前国内外中药毒性研究相关的数据库进行综述,总结中药毒性研究相关数据库的研究现状,突出中药毒性研究相关数据库在科学研究中的重要性,为中药毒性研究工作提供参考,促进中药毒性研究的进一步发展。