以社会需求为导向，深化的生物医学工程专业教学改革

以社会需求为导向,对142名毕业生进行知识结构、课程设置、就业岗位分布、实践能力培养及创新能力培养等方面的问卷调查;对20家用人单位进行毕业生质量及社会需求的问卷调查和座谈;根据调查反馈的信息,坚持“以学生为中心”的办学理念和“医工结合”的办学特色;进一步明确培养目标、建设医工结合的课程体系、突出工程特点,强化学生工程实践能力、把创新创业教育贯穿于教学全过程,进行生物医学工程专业教学改革     

Does High Emotional Demand with Low Job Control Relate to Suicidal Ideation among Service and Sales Workers in Korea?

We examined the relationship of high emotional demands and low job control to suicidal ideation among service and sales workers in Korea. A total of 1,995 service and sales workers participated in this study. Suicidal ideation and level of emotional demand and job control were assessed by self-reported questionnaire in 4th Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Gender-specific odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for suicidal ideation were calculated using logistic regression analysis. The results show that workers who suffered from high emotional demands (OR, 2.07; 95% CI, 1.24-3.45 in men, OR, 1.97; 95% CI, 1.42-2.75 in women) or low job control (OR, 1.96; 95% CI, 1.42-2.75 in men, OR, 1.33; 95% CI, 0.91-1.93 in women) were more likely to experience suicidal ideation after controlling for age, household income, and employment characteristics. The interaction model of emotional demands and job control revealed that workers with high emotional demands and high job control (OR, 1.93; 95% CI, 1.08-3.45 in men, OR, 1.60; 95% CI,1.06-2.42 in women) and high emotional demands and low job control (OR; 4.60, 95% CI;1.88-11.29 in men, OR; 2.78, 95% CI;1.64-4.44 in women) had a higher risk for suicidal ideation compared to those with low emotional demands and high job control after controlling for age, household income, employment characteristics, smoking, alcohol drinking and physical activity habit. These results suggest that high emotional demands in both genders and low job control in men might play a crucial role in developing suicidal ideation among sales and service workers in Korea.     

供需双方视角下的乡镇卫生院服务现状评价及需求研究

目的：从医患双方的视角,了解京郊乡镇卫生院医疗卫生服务现状及需求情况。方法采用分层随机抽样的方法,对北京市5个远郊区县15个乡镇45个行政村的184位乡镇卫生院医务人员,以及423位农村居民进行问卷调查。结果乡镇卫生院基本医疗服务、公共卫生服务、药物种类满足患者需求程度医方评分分别为3.75分、3.77分、3.03分,患方评分分别为3.19分、3.66分、3.00分,需求满足程度一般。结论应从提高服务能力、促进工作有序开展、增加药品种类入手,改善基本医疗服务弱化、公共卫生服务不到位、基本药物种类有限的现状,以满足农村居民的医疗卫生服务需求,改进乡镇卫生院的服务利用率。     

少数民族地区某高校大学生婚前性行为观点及性知识需求的分析

[目的]了解少数民族地区高校大学生对婚前性行为的观点及对性知识的需求,为有针对性地在该地区开展性健康教育提供依据。[方法]采取随机整体抽样的方法对内蒙古某高校的599名大学生进行了调查。[结果]22.26%的少数民族学生和24.37%的汉族学生对婚前性行为持赞同态度,明显低于其他地区大学生(55.4%～79.03%);73.26%的汉族学生和65.36%的少数民族学生希望通过学校教师讲授获得全面的性知识。[结论]少数民族地区的大学生性观念的开放程度明显低于其他地区高校大学生,大学生渴望通过学校教师讲授等正规途径获得全面的性知识,在该地区大学生中有针对性地开展性教育十分必要。     

福建两地市社区居民人感染H7N9禽流感疫情信息需求定性研究

目的了解社区居民在人感染H7N9禽流感疫情发生初期的心理状况和信息需求,为疫情防控中的新闻宣传和健康教育工作提供参考依据。方法利用半结构式访谈提纲,在福建省福州市和宁德市的4个社区开展4组小组访谈,获取居民在人感染H7N9禽流感疫情发生初期的担心程度、信息需求、信息获得渠道和对卫生部门行动的满意度。结果在访谈的39名社区居民中,37人对人感染H7N9禽流感疫情表示担心;他们希望获得人感染HTN9禽流感的疾病特征（14／39）、防治措施（10／39）和政府已采取的措施（5／39）等信息。居民获取人感染H7N9禽流感相关知识的途径主要是主流电视（38／39）、报纸（17／39）和网站（9／39）;他们感觉政府部门对疫情的处置是及时的（31／39）,但信息公布还不全面（12／39）。结论人感染H7N9禽流感疫情相邻地区社区居民在疫情初期存在一定程度的恐慌,迫切需要获得疾病相关知识;政府部门可以增加正向信息的报道,缓解公众的恐慌。     

公共卫生信息相关群体需求与责任分析

从公共卫生信息内涵出发,分析公共卫生信息管理所涉及的主要相关群体(如政府、专业机构及人员、科研机构及人员、公众及个人、媒体等)的公共卫生信息需求和责任,探讨在需求满足和责任履行过程中所遇到的问题和应对的措施。     

急诊危重症患者家属需求调查

目的 调查急诊危重症患者家属的需求现状,以期为临床优质服务提供依据.方法 2013年1～3月,在我院急诊抢救室和急诊监护室发放调查问卷,对“病危”以及“病重”急诊患者家属的需求情况进行调查.结 果不同婚姻状况家属的需求状况不同（P＜0.01）,未婚者需求得分更高,不同文化程度和家庭人均月收入的家属对自身舒适需求不同;不同职业的家属对病情保证需求不同;与患者的关系不同对获取信息的需求不同（P均＜0.05）;患者身体越好,则对需求的满足状况越高（P＜0.01）.结论 家属对病情保证的需求最迫切,而对需求的满足程度较低.     

Health care in and outside a DMP for type 2 diabetes mellitus in Germany-results of an insurance customer survey focussing on differences in general education status

Aim  The Disease Management Programmes (DMPs) introduced in Germany since 2003 are intended to improve health care for the chronically ill. Whether they do this is currently being investigated in various evaluation settings. In order to assess possible changes in the process quality from the point of view of patients, the BARMER health insurance company conducted a national postal survey in Germany in 2007 of its customers with diabetes mellitus type 2 in order to compare programme participants and non-participants. This evaluation is a sub-analysis intended to clarify whether the utilisation, acceptability and perceived benefits of the programme differ as a result of educational status. Subjects and Methods  A nationally representative random sample was drawn from BARMER insurance customers with type 2 diabetes, aged 45–79 years. Questionnaires were evaluated from 38.5% of the sample (DMP-participant respondents: n = 2,158; non-participant respondents: n = 2,182). Results  A lower educational status was related among other things with increased morbidity, a poorer level of information and also a less well-developed “preventive attitude” to the disease. The finding that 49% of participants had a higher school qualification compared with 45% of non-participants, although significant, is less pronounced than the differences found between DMP participants and non-participants for other values analysed. A social influence could be found concerning the differences in treatment provided within the programme. A multivariate analysis shows that both the participation in the programme and higher levels of education have independent positive effects on the satisfaction with health status, with the effect of programme participation being stronger. Conclusions  It can be assumed that the clear differences established between the groups of DMP participants and non-participants can in no way be explained solely by the comparatively small difference related to school education. Patients obviously appreciate the fact that the health personnel and the insurance company are paying increased interest to their disease, and this is true to an increased degree for participants with only basic schooling. Although overall this group is significantly under-represented among the participants, they reported to an increased degree that they were profiting from the programme.

Age estimation: The state of the art in relation to the specific demands of forensic practise

Age estimation in cadavers, human remains and living individuals may clarify issues with significant legal and social ramifications for individuals as well as for the community. In such cases methods for estimating age should fulfil the following specific demands: (1) they must have been presented to the scientific community, as a rule by publication in peer-reviewed journals, (2) clear information concerning accuracy of age estimation by the method should be available, (3) the methods need to be sufficiently accurate and (4) in cases of age estimation in living individuals principles of medical ethics and legal regulations have to be considered. We have identified and summarized the methods that essentially fulfil these specific demands. In childhood and adolescence morphological methods based on the radiological examination of dental and skeletal development are to be recommended. In adulthood, the accuracy of most morphological methods is much reduced. Here a biochemical method based on aspartic acid racemization in dentine provides the most accurate estimates of age, followed by special morphological dental and skeletal methods. The choice of method has to take account of the individual circumstances of each case. Most methods require either the consultation of specialised and trained scientists or an adequate calibration by the “user”. Very few attempts have been made to find common standardisation, calibration and evaluation procedures or to develop means of quality assurance for methods of age estimation. Efforts in these directions are necessary to guarantee quality standards and adequate answers to the important legal and social issue of age estimation in forensic medicine. Received: 26 January 1999 / Received in revised form: 12 April 1999     

全科团队卫生服务需求调查

目的了解社区居民对全科团队卫生服务的需求，为制定相关的服务对策提供依据。方法采用分层整群抽样方法，随机抽取社区17个里委共1360名居民进行问卷调查。结果居民对全科团队知晓比为29．0％；经宣传后认为需要全科团队服务者为44．1％；愿意与全科团队签约者占38．0％。结论全科团队要通过提供优质服务，提高综合服务能力等措施以提高在居民中的知晓比，获得社区居民的认可；在服务过程中要善于利用现代化通信手段，包括电话预约、网络咨询等以扩展服务对象，提高服务效率；注意加强卫生服务站点建设。