Two new indole-diterpenoids from the fungus Penicilliumcrustosum YN-HT-15

Two new indole-diterpenoids named penijanthine B and penitrem H (1 and 2) were isolated from the metabolites of the fungus Penicilliumcrustosum YN-HT-15, which was isolated from the red soil of Yunnan Province of China. The structures were determined on spectroscopic analyses and CD spectra.     

Structure characterization and immunocompetence of a glucan from the fruiting bodies of Cantharellus cibarius

A protein-bound polysaccharide fraction (JBP-1) was obtained from the fruiting bodies of Cantharellus cibarius. Its chemical composition was studied by the cooperative usage of multiple chemical and spectral methods and characterized to be a fraction with a molecular weight of 4.8 × 10⁵ Da and only composed of glucose. Methylation analysis revealed that the sugar residues in JBP-1 are existing as t-, 1,6-, and 1,3,6-linked Glcp sugar residues. The immunocompetence of the fraction was evaluated with the proliferation assay of mouse splenocytes, and the result revealed that JBP-1 could significantly stimulate the proliferation of mouse splenocytes in a dose-dependent manner, with p < 0.001 at the concentration of 100 μg/ml and 30 μg/ml, p < 0.05 at 10 μg/ml. These results give us a primary scientific evidence to further explore the pharmaceutical function of this mushroom.     

铁皮石斛内生真菌Verticillium sp. KY-18的化学成分研究

目的研究铁皮石斛Dendrobium officinale内生真菌Verticillium sp.KY-18中氧杂环类化合物。方法采用色谱分离技术进行分离和纯化,并根据谱学数据鉴定化合物的结构。结果从Verticillium sp.KY-18的发酵产物中分离得到13个氧杂环类化合物,分别鉴定为2,6-dihydroxy-2-methyl-7-(prop-1E-enyl)-1-benzofuran-3(2H)-one(1)、nigrosporapyrone D(2)、oosponol(3)、2-甲基-4-吡喃酮(4)、6-甲基-5-[(1E)-丁烯基]-2-吡喃酮(5)、penicisochroman D(6)、verrucosapyrone B(7)、(1S,3S)-1,8-dimethoxy-3,5-dimethyl-6-hydroxyisochroman(8)、phomopsinone A(9)、pseudohalonectrin A(10)、dictafolin-A(11)、2,3-dihydro-5,7-dihydroxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one(12)、2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylic acid(13)。结论化合物2~10为首次从该属真菌中分离得到;化合物11~13为首次从该真菌中分离得到。     

真菌Nigrospora sp.Z18-17的化学成分

目的研究Nigrospora sp.Z18-17号菌株代谢产物,对其化学成分进行分离鉴定。方法采用硅胶柱色谱、凝胶柱色谱、HPLC等方法进行分离纯化,通过理化性质和波谱分析确定化合物的结构。结果从Nigrospora sp.Z18-17菌株发酵液和菌丝体中分离得到7个化合物,分别鉴定为:2-羟基-3-(4-羟基苯基)丙酸甲酯[2-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid methyl ester,1]、对羟基苯乙醇α-羟基丙酸酯(4-hydroxyphenethyl 2-hydroxypropanoate,2)、环(脯-缬)[cyclo(Pro-Val),3]、环(脯-脯)[cyclo(Pro-Pro),4]、环(苯丙-脯)[cyclo(Phe-Pro),5]、环(酪-羟脯)[cyclo(Tyr-Hyp),6]、尿嘧啶核苷(uridine,7)。结论化合物1～7均为首次从Nigrospora sp.Z18-17号菌株的代谢产物中分离得到。     

角果木内生真菌的代谢产物研究

目的研究角果木内生真菌Penicillium.sp FJ-1发酵液的化学成分。方法用多种柱色谱技术对该菌发酵液化学成分进行分离纯化,根据波谱数据和理化性质鉴定化合物的结构。结果分离得到5个化合物,经波谱分析鉴定其结构分别为24R-ergosta-7,22-diene-3,5,6-triol(1)、互隔交链孢霉素(2)、5-羟基互隔交链孢霉素(3)、5’-epialtenuene(4)、篮毒菌素黄酮(5)。结论以上5个化合物均为首次从该菌中分离得到,并首次报道了化合物3的核磁数据。     

车前草内生真菌w-90次级代谢产物的研究

车前草内生真菌w-90是按常规从车前草（Plantago major L．）茎部分离到的。归于拟青霉菌属（Paecilomyces sp．）。其发酵液和粗提物都有一定的抗菌活性。采用现代的分离和波谱技术。对其次级代谢产物进行了深入的研究．发现它能产生车前草的主要有效成分乌苏酸（ursolic acid）。这个事实表明：药用宿主植物的生物生理活性物质也可以由从该植物体分离得的某些内生真菌采生产。     

Clinical significance of cultures collected from fine-needle aspiration biopsy

The rate of positive cultures in fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) specimens is evaluated, and the value of submitting FNAB culture is assessed. Review of 3,300 FNAB specimens from 2,416 patients were tabulated for culture results, when obtained from the FNAB material. For positive culture results, clinical impact was assessed. Of 3,300 FNAB specimens and 2,416 patients, 185 had cultures performed (6% of specimens, 8% of patients). Of the 185 cultured specimens, 63 (34%) were positive and 122 (66%) were negative. Of the 63 positive cultures, 23 (12% of all FNAB cultures) had a significant impact on patient care. In our institution the FNA culture rate is 6%. When cases with clinical or microscopic suspicion of infection are cultured, 34% are positive for aerobic or anaerobic bacteria, mycobacteria or fungus. Culture in FNA specimens is a useful adjunct to diagnosis and impacts care in 12% of patients cultured at FNAB. This method can be used to triage patients with suspected infectious diseases and can aid in managing patients who may have recurrent infections.     

医院真菌感染的临床调查与耐药性分析

目的　了解医院内真菌感染的临床特点、危险因素及真菌对药物的敏感情况。方法　采用回顾性调查 ,对 1 999～ 2 0 0 1年住院病例中的真菌感染病例进行统计分析。结果　 3年间发生医院真菌感染 1 0 3例 ,感染构成比由 1 999年的 8.4 7%上升到 2 0 0 1年的 1 8.6 8% ,3年之间差异有显著性意义 (χ2 =1 0 .99,P <0 .0 1 )。引起医院感染的真菌有 7个种 ,其中以白色念珠菌为主 ,占 5 8.2 5 % ;热带念珠菌次之 ,占 2 9.1 3%。医院真菌感染的部位以呼吸道最高 ,占全部医院真菌感染的 2 6 .2 1 % ,其次为泌尿道 ,占 2 0 .39%。被检出的医院内感染真菌抗药模式为 :对 5 氟胞嘧啶、两性霉素B、制霉菌素敏感 ,而对咪康唑、益康唑、酮康唑耐药。医院真菌感染的发生与基础疾病 ,长期使用广谱抗菌药物 ,大量使用免疫抑制剂 ,以及各种侵入性诊疗技术和年龄老龄化等因素密切相关。结论　医院真菌感染有逐年上升趋势 ,已成为医院感染致死的主要因素之一 ;同时医院感染真菌的耐药性也逐渐增多 ,对唑类抗真菌药物已明显耐药     

Modelling the effect of environmental factors on the hyphal growth of the basidiomycete Physisporinus vitreus

The present work investigated the effects of environmental factors on the growth of fungal colonies of the white‐rot basidiomycetes Physisporinus vitreus using a lattice‐free discrete modeling approach called the fungal growth model (FGM), in which hyphae and nutrients are considered as discrete structures. A discrete modeling approach enables the underlying mechanistic rule concerning the basic architecture and dynamics of fungal networks to be studied on the scale of a single colony. By comparing simulations of the FGM with laboratory experiments of fungal colonies growing on malt extract agar we show that the combined effects of water activity, temperature and pH on the radial growth rate of fungal mycelia on the macroscopic scale may be explained by a power law for the costs of hyphal maintenance and expansion on the microscopic scale. Information about the response of the fungal mycelium at the micro‐ scopic level to environmental conditions is essential for simulating its behavior in complex structure substrates such as wood, where the effect of the fungus on the wood (i.e. the degradation of the cell wall) changes the local environmental condition (e.g. the permeability of the substrate and therefore the water activity in a colonized wood cell lumen). Using a combination of diffusion and moisture processes with the FGM may increase our understanding of the colonization strategy of P. vitreus and help to optimize its growth behavior for biotechnological applications such as bioincising. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Weekend compared with weekday presentations of peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis

♦ Objective: Management of peritoneal dialysis (PD)-associated peritonitis requires timely intervention by experienced staff, which may not be uniformly available throughout the week. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of weekend compared with weekday presentation on peritonitis outcomes.♦ Methods: The study, which used data from the Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry, included all Australian patients receiving PD between 1 October 2003 and 31 December 2008. The independent predictors of weekend presentation and subsequent peritonitis outcomes were assessed by multivariate logistic regression.♦ Results: Peritonitis presentation rates were significantly lower on Saturdays [0.46 episodes per year; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.42 to 0.49 episodes per year] and on Sundays (0.43 episodes per year; 95% CI: 0.40 to 0.47 episodes per year) than all other weekdays; they peaked on Mondays (0.76 episodes per year; 95% CI: 0.72 to 0.81 episodes per year). Weekend presentation with a first episode of peritonitis was independently associated with lower body mass index and residence less than 100 km away from the nearest PD unit. Patients presenting with peritonitis on the weekend were significantly more likely to be hospitalized [adjusted odds ratio (OR): 2.32; 95% CI: 1.85 to 2.90], although microbial profiles and empiric antimicrobial treatments were comparable between the weekend and weekday groups. Antimicrobial cure rates were also comparable (79% vs 79%, p = 0.9), with the exception of cure rates for culture-negative peritonitis, which were lower on the weekend (80% vs 88%, p = 0.047). Antifungal prophylaxis was less likely to be co-prescribed for first peritonitis episodes presenting on weekdays (OR: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.05 to 0.89).♦ Conclusions: Patients on PD are less likely to present with peritonitis on the weekend. Nevertheless, the microbiology, treatment, and outcomes of weekend and weekday PD peritonitis presentations are remarkably similar. Exceptions include the associations of weekend presentation with a higher hospitalization rate and a lower cure rate in culture-negative infection.