Nondestructive evaluation of blood flow in a dialyzer using X-ray computed tomography

It is very important to observe the concentrations and flow patterns of blood through a dialyzer to evaluate its function and to obtain the most appropriate design. We established a visualization method for the blood flow pattern in a dialyzer using X-ray computed tomography, and investigated the so-called internal filtration phenomenon. The results obtained were as follows: (1) The influence of 5% BaSO₄, which was added to the blood as a contrast medium, on the filtration rate of the dialyzer was minimal. (2) The relationship between the concentration of BaSO₄ and the Hounsfield unit value was expressed by linear regression. (3) Hounsfield unit values increased massively just after blood entered the dialyzer and peak values increased with dialysate perfusion under the following conditions: the dialyzer (BS-1.6UL, polysulfone hollow fibers) was used, and bovine blood with 5% BaSO₄ added was used at a blood flow rate of 200ml/min. The dialysate flow rate was 500ml/min and the slice thickness of X-ray computed tomography was 1–10mm. (4) It was observed that blood flowed slightly faster in the center than the peripheral portion of the dialyzer, when the flow pattern was followed after pulse injection of blood containing 20% BaSO₄ into the dialyzer. It was concluded that this method could possibly be utilized not only qualitatively but also quantitatively for observation of the real state of blood flow and in designing dialyzers.     

Local blood flow and metabolism of the tongue before and during panting in the dog

Summary The effects of hyperthermia on blood flow and oxygen consumption of the tongue were investigated in anesthetized dogs. For comparison, blood flow through the skin and deep muscle of the hind leg was also measured in some animals. Increasing blood temperature revealed a biphasic response of lingual blood flow. At 41°C blood temperature respiratory frequency was twice that of control and there was a reduction of lingual blood flow, while resistance of the lingual bed was increased significantly. The arterio-venous oxygen difference (AVDO₂) of lingual blood was markedly increased at this level and the of the tongue was like-wise significantly greater than control. At 41.9°C, the steep increase of respiratory frequency was accompanied by a marked fall in lingual resistance as evidenced by a four-fold increase of lingual blood flow. The systemic AVDO₂ rose at this temperature, while the lingual AVDO₂ fell dramatically. There was no further increase of lingual . At both temperature levels the blood flow through the skin did not change substantially, while the deep muscle blood flow slightly increased. The mean arterial pressure showed a progressive fall during hyperthermia. It is assumed that the decrease of lingual blood flow at elevated blood temperature without panting is due to a redistribution of cardiac output to areas other than the tongue. The increase of lingual blood flow without an additional increase of lingual during panting may be explained solely as a mechanism for heat dissipation. The fact that the decrease of lingual resistance was demonstrated in immobilized animals concomitant with high frequency phrenic burst activity suggests that the decrease of lingual resistance and panting may be induced by a common central integrating mechanism.     

Experimental and theoretical models of flow during forced expiration: pressure and pressure history dependence of flow rate

Flow characteristics have been studied in elastic mono- and bialveolar lung models made from tubes and balloons in series. Flow rate variation is explained on the basis of two successive limiting factors governed by the mutual interaction of tube mechanical properties and flow characteristics, i.e. wave-speed and viscous limitations induced by the tube collapse. A numerical model of flow in an elastic monoalveolar structure has been developed. It is generally admitted that a remarkable feature of forced expiration is that the flow rate is ‘effort independent’ for approximately the lower 80 per cent of vital capacity. The present results, which describe a continuous process, suggest that the flow rate depends mostly on the external pressure and pressure history. between the 15th August 1987 and the 31st August 1988, and at other periods to him at INSERM U. 296, Faculté de Médecine, 8 av Gl Sarrail, 94010 Creteil Cedex, France.     

经动脉化疗栓塞兔VX2肝癌后早期肿瘤细胞凋亡

目的　研究介入治疗兔VX2肝癌肿瘤细胞凋亡的早期动态改变 .方法　建立 2 7只新西兰大白兔VX2肝癌模型 ,随机分成肝动脉化疗栓塞组 (Transarterialchemoembolization ,TACE)、灌注化疗组 (Transarterialinfusion ,TAI)、灌注肝素生理盐水组 (对照组 ,Control) ,每组各 9只 .介入治疗后每组再随机分成 3个亚组 ,每亚组 3只 .在治疗后第2 4、72、12 0小时分别处死 3组中一亚组 ,取材肿瘤生长活跃的外带组织用流式细胞仪AnnexinV和PI双标记法定量检测细胞凋亡 ,组织病理切片苏木精 -伊红染色 (HE染色 )和甲基绿 -派洛宁染色 (MG -P染色 )光镜下形态学方法观察不同时间肿瘤细胞的凋亡变化 .结果　TACE、TAI、Control组在治疗后 2 4、72、12 0小时流式细胞仪法定量检测肿瘤细胞凋亡比率分别为 11.4 4± 2 .15、10 .99± 1.74、6 .0 0± 0 .5 8,5 .84± 0 .6 8、4 .6 5± 0 .11、2 .88± 1.2 3和 2 .80± 0 .15、2 .19± 1.6 9、2 .5 1± 2 .13.TACE、TAI、Control组凋亡在各时间点均有显著差异 (p <0 .0 1) ,TACE组 2 4、72小时的凋亡明显高于 12 0小时 (p <0 .0 5 ) .TACE组诱导的肿瘤细胞凋亡比率明显高于TAI、Control组 ;TACE组诱导的肿瘤细胞早期凋亡比率随时间呈下降趋势 ,在 12 0小时凋亡仍明显高于其     

异体角膜刺激引起的人外周血T细胞及其亚群CD25分子表达

目的：观察异体角膜体外对人外周血T细胞及其亚群CD25分子表达的影响。方法： 异体角膜与外周血淋巴细胞体外共同培养后，进行单克隆抗体标记和流式细胞分析。结果： 对照组T细胞CD25表达为25.2％；受角膜或沸波醇酯（PDB）激活后T细胞CD25表达分别为56.8％和80.9％；受角膜和沸波醇酯共同激活后T细胞CD25表达为70.2％；受异体角膜激活后，CD4和CD8 T淋巴细胞CD25表达分别为67.3％和52.3％。结论： 异体角膜组织体外能够刺激人外周T细胞CD25表达和T细胞活化，CD4 T细胞比CD8 T细胞活化更明显。     

Radiotelemetry recording of electroencephalogram in piglets during rest

A wireless recording system was developed to study the electroencephalogram (EEG) in unrestrained, male Landrace piglets. Under general anesthesia, ball-tipped silver/silver chloride electrodes for EEG recording were implanted onto the dura matter of the parietal and frontal cortex of the piglets. A pair of miniature preamplifiers and transmitters was then mounted on the surface of the skull. To examine whether other bioelectrical activities interfere with the EEG measurements, an electrocardiogram (ECG) or electromyogram (EMG) of the neck was simultaneously recorded with the EEG. Next, wire electrodes for recording movement of the eyelid were implanted with EEG electrodes, and EEG and eyelid movements were simultaneously measured. Power spectral analysis using a Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) algorithm indicates that EEG was successfully recorded in unrestrained piglets, at rest, during the daytime in the absence of interference from ECG, EMG or eyelid movements. These data indicate the feasibility of using our radiotelemetry system for measurement of EEG under these conditions.     

系统性红斑狼疮外周血单个核细胞CD40L的表达增高

目的:了解系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)患者外周血单个核细胞(PBMCs)的白细胞分化抗原40配体(CD40L)表达,探讨其在发病中的作用。方法:分离SLE患者和正常人PBMCs,采用流式细胞术,检测其在正常状况和应用植物凝集素(PHA)及地塞米松(Dex)后,CD40L的表达水平,并进行比较;分析SLE患者CD40L的表达水平和狼疮活动指数(SLEDAI)的相关性。结果:活动期SLE患者PBMCs的CD40L阳性细胞百分率(%)明显高于对照组,且高于静止期SLE患者;应用PHA处理24h后,3组PBMC表达CD40L均明显增加,但活动期SLE患者增加更明显;应用地塞米松后,SLE患者(活动期和静止期)PBMCs的CD40L表达明显减少,对照组无明显改变;SLE患者(活动期和静止期)CD40L的表达水平和SLEDAI均呈明显正相关。结论:CD40L在SLE患者PBMCs的表达增加,和疾病活动度有关;其受PHA和Dex调控,在SLE发病和病程中起重要作用。     

Effect of Gardenia extract ZG on the adsorption quantity of herpes simplex virus type 1 （HSV-1）

To observe the effect of Gardenia extract ZG on the adsorption quantity of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) so as to explore the mechanism of its antiviral activity, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) was used as the fluorescent probe to label viruses and heparin sodium was used as control. Meanwhile , the effect of Gardenia extract ZG on the adsorption quantity on the surface of Hep-2 cells was determined by flow cytometry. It was demonstrated that adsorption of HSV-1 on the surface of Hep-2 cells exhibited the character of saturation and specificity and heparin sodium could prevent attachment of viruses on these cells. These results are in accord with those reported previously. It was also proved that the manner of drug-use prior to adsorption or simultaneous use of drug and adsorption was better than adsorption prior to drug-use, and the inhibition rates of the former and latter manner were 84. 76% and 82.92% respectively. Three manners of drug-use with Gardenia extract ZG were all effective to reduce the adsorption quantity of viruses, especially the manner of simultaneous use of drug and adsorption with an adsorption inhibition rate of 68.46% . From the above observation, it is apparent that the mechanism of anti-viral activity of Gardenia extract ZG may be via several steps involved in the HSV-1 adsorption.     

胃癌的细胞增殖、DNA增殖分数和倍性与患者生存的关系

目的：探讨胃癌细胞增殖、DNA增殖分数(S+G2/M期)和倍性与胃癌患者生存和生物学特性的关系。 方法： 应用流式细胞术，分别分析胃癌细胞群体的增殖、DNA增殖分数和倍性。 结果： 胃癌细胞群体的增殖和增殖分数之间无明显相关关系(P>0.05)；它们与胃癌患者的生存亦无明显相关关系(P>0.05)。胃癌细胞群体的增殖和DNA倍性与胃癌临床病理参数之间无明显相关关系(P>0.05)。胃癌患者DNA二倍体组和异倍体组Kaplan-Meier生存曲线经Log-rank检验有统计学差异（P<0.05）。 结论： 胃癌细胞的增殖和增殖分数与胃癌患者的生存无明显关系； DNA倍性分析对胃癌预后的判断具有重要参考价值。     

载脂蛋白A-Ⅰ对三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体A1的影响

目的：以THP-1巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞为研究对象，观察载脂蛋白A-I对THP-1巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞胆固醇流出和三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体A1(ABCA1)的影响,从而探讨载脂蛋白A-I对动脉粥样硬化(As)发生发展的影响。方法:用液体闪烁计数器检测细胞内胆固醇流出, 高效液相色谱分析细胞内总胆固醇、游离胆固醇和胆固醇酯含量, 运用逆转录-多聚酶链反应和Western 印迹分别检测ABCA1 mRNA 与ABCA1蛋白的表达,用流式细胞术检测细胞平均ABCA1荧光强度。 结果:载脂蛋白A-I引起THP-1巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞总胆固醇、游离胆固醇与胆固醇酯呈时间依赖性减少, 而ABCA1蛋白质水平、细胞平均ABCA1荧光强度以及细胞内胆固醇流出呈时间依赖性增加,但ABCA1 mRNA没有明显变化。巯基蛋白酶抑制剂(leupeptin 和ALLN)增加ABCA1蛋白质水平,而其它蛋白酶抑制剂(pepstatin A、aprotinin及phosphoramiddon)不增加ABCA1蛋白质水平,蛋白体抑制剂(lactacytin)和溶酶体抑制剂(NH4Cl)也不影响ABCA1蛋白质水平。 结论:巯基蛋白酶可降解THP-1巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞ABCA1蛋白质,而载脂蛋白A-I可阻碍巯基蛋白酶降解ABCA1蛋白质,从而提高THP-1巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞ABCA1 蛋白质水平, 增加细胞内胆固醇流出, 降低细胞内胆固醇聚积。