改良Hodge试验检测肠杆菌科细菌中碳青霉烯酶的研究

目的 用改良Hodge试验(MHT)检测肠杆菌科细菌碳青霉烯酶的产生,了解碳青霉烯酶基因分布.方法 从浙江大学医学院附属第二医院、浙江省东阳市人民医院、北京医院和四川大学附属华西医院4家医院收集3 718株肠杆菌科细菌,用纸片法检测细菌对厄他培南的敏感性,用MHT检测碳青霉烯酶的产生情况,并用PCR扩增常见的碳青霉烯酶基因.结果 4家医院的肠杆菌科细菌对厄他培南的不敏感率为3.04％ (113/3718),上述4家医院的不敏感率依次为5.09％、2.15％、2.59％和1.72％.MHT的总阳性率为2.29％ (85/3718),4家医院的阳性率依次为4.73％、1.21％、1.06％和1.58％.113株厄他培南不敏感菌株中,MHT阳性82株,阴性31株.85株MHT阳性菌株中,82株对厄他培南耐药或中介耐药,仅有3株敏感.82株MHT阳性、厄他培南不敏感的菌株中,肺炎克雷伯菌碳青霉烯酶(KPC)基因阳性65株,亚胺培南水解酶(IMP)基因阳性15株,其中2株KPC和IMP同时阳性,其他4株未扩增到常见碳青霉烯酶基因.31株MHT阴性、厄他培南不敏感的菌株和3株MHT阳性、厄他培南敏感的菌株均未扩增到常见碳青霉烯酶基因.结论 MHT可有效地检测肠杆菌科细菌中的碳青霉烯酶,具有敏感性高、假阳性率低的特点.肠杆菌科细菌所产碳青霉烯酶主要为KPC,其次为IMP.     

肠杆菌目细菌产耐碳青霉烯酶的基因分型检测方法进展

碳青霉烯类耐药肠杆菌科细菌（CRE）已成为全球性的公共卫生问题。有文献报道由CRE引起的感染，尤其是血流感染，会导致患者死亡率较高，为临床治疗带来了极大的挑战。肠杆菌科细菌耐碳青霉烯类药物的主要机制是细菌产生了不同型别的耐碳青霉烯类水解酶。目前只有少数几种新型抗菌药物可以用于CRE的治疗如头孢他啶/阿维巴坦，但头孢他啶/阿维巴坦对持有金属β内酰胺酶的CRE没有活性，所以快速、准确地检测CRE菌株所产碳青霉烯酶种类，对临床合理选择抗菌药物至关重要。本文就目前检测肠杆菌科细菌耐碳青霉烯类药物的基因分型实验方法的优缺点进行总结分析。     

Sequential emergence of colistin and rifampicin resistance in an OXA-72- producing outbreak strain of Acinetobacter baumannii

Objectives

This study reported a hospital outbreak due to an extensively drug-resistant (XDR) OXA-72-producing strain of Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii).

Investigation of the presence of carbapenemases in carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strains by MALDI-TOF MS (matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry) and comparison with real-time PCR method

PurposeWe aimed to develop a new procedure for rapid detection of the carbapenemase activity using MALDI-TOF MS, and to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the method. Also, we aimed to determine the distribution of carbapenemase genes among the K.pneumoniae strains isolated in our hospital using real-time PCR.MethodBetween January 2017–February 2019; K. pneumoniae strains(n = 74) isolated from blood culture samples were included. Klebsiella pneumoniae NCTC 13438 was used as a positive control and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 as a negative control. First, Imipenem, meropenem, and ertapenem MIC values of strains were determined. Then bla_KPC, bla_OXA-48, and/or bla_NDM genes were investigated with PCR. Carbapenemase activity was investigated in strains with the newly developed method using MALDI-TOF MS. The performance of the new method was evaluated for both the second and fourth hours of the incubation period.ResultsWhile 65 strains were found resistant to tested carbapenems, nine of them were susceptible. Of the 65 resistant strains, 57 had bla_OXA-48, 15 had bla_NDM, and four had bla_KPC genes. Bla_OXA-48 and bla_NDM genes were detected together in 11 strains. Bla_OXA-48, bla_NDM, and bla_KPC genes were not detected in any of the susceptible strains. The sensitivity and specificity of MALDI-TOF MS at the second hour were 83.1% and 100%, respectively. At the fourth hour, the sensitivity and specificity of MALDI-TOF MS were 100%. No false-positive results were observed.ConclusionThe sensitivity of the method at the fourth hour was better than the second hour. The false-negative results observed in the second hour disappeared when the incubation period was extended to 4 h. MALDI-TOF MS which is still under development is a fast, cost-effective, promising method for the detection of carbapenemase activity.     

Modified combined disc test (mCDT): a novel,labor-saving and 4 times cheaper method to differentiate Class A,B and D carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella species

Carbapenemase-producing organisms have been an immense public health problem in recent years. Combined disc test (CDT) is a simple and widely used phenotypic method for carbapenemase detection, especially in developing countries. This study evaluates the performance of modified combined disc test (mCDT), a novel and 4 times cheaper method than CDT. In total, 572 (15.5%) Klebsiella spp. including 81 (14.2%) carbapenemase producers were isolated from 3993 clinical samples. Both mCDT and CDT showed similar sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for the differentiation of Class A, B, and D carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella spp.     

北京与银川两家医院耐碳青霉烯类肠杆菌科细菌的流行特征研究#br#

目的 调查研究北京与银川两家医院耐碳青霉烯类肠杆菌(carbapenem-resistance Enterobacteriaceae, CRE)的流行病学特征，为CRE的临床诊治及其传播控制提供依据。方法 收集2008年1月至2017年12月间北京地区解放军302医院及银川地区宁夏医科大学总医院的临床标本中分离的CRE，分析其流行趋势、标本来源、病原特点及基因型组成，探讨CRE的流行病学特征。结果 两地区10年间分离鉴定出266株CRE，呈上升趋势，北京地区CRE检出率由2008年为0.45%上升到2017年的5.84%；银川地区CRE检出率由2008年的0.26%上升到2017年的3.1%。CRE感染患者以男性为主(159例，59.77%)，主要来自重症监护病房(intensive care unit，ICU)70例(26.31%)。北京与银川两家医院分离出CRE的主要标本为痰液(29.4%与26.3%)，血液(18.4%与6.5%)和尿液(10.5%与19.7%)，血液和尿液标本占比差异显著(P=0.015和0.045)。北京与银川两家医院CRE菌株以克雷伯菌属(66.32%和44.74%)、埃希菌属(20.00%和9.21%)及肠杆菌属(7.89%和36.84%)为主，差异均具有统计学意义(比较P值分别为0.0012、0.0340和0)。266株CRE总体对碳青霉烯类和头孢类抗生素的耐药率较高，对其他类抗生素包括磷霉素和左氧氟沙星的耐药率达到80%以上，对阿米卡星的耐药率近60%；对头孢他啶/阿维巴坦的耐药率为42.86%，耐药率较低的包括替加环素(4.51%)和多黏菌素B(4.14%)；北京地区CRE对阿米卡星和左氧氟沙星的耐药率显著高于银川地区。北京地区的blaKPC在克雷伯菌、埃希菌属和肠杆菌属中均占绝对优势(93.75%、61.9%和80%)，而blaNDM仅在埃希菌属中检测到；银川地区均以blaNDM基因为主，三个菌属中占比分别为36%、74%和85.71%，两地碳青霉烯酶耐药基因分布差异明显(P=0)。结论 北京与银川两地区的CRE菌株流行呈增长趋势，在标本来源、病原特点、碳青霉烯酶耐药基因分布等方面特征鲜明，临床应根据本地区的CRE流行特点采取针对性治疗。     

丽水市中心医院产KPC酶肺炎克雷伯菌的分子流行病学研究

目的明确丽水市中心医院产KPC酶肺炎克雷伯菌的分子流行病学特征,为临床抗感染治疗提供实验依据。方法收集2011年3月至2015年10月丽水市中心医院分离的碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药肺炎克雷伯菌（CR-KP）。采用Vitek2-compact系统鉴定菌株并联合纸片扩散法（K-B法）检测其药敏,改良Hodge试验检测碳青霉烯酶;PCR法扩增KPC基因,测序后利用BLAST比对确定基因型;肠杆菌科基因间重复序列分型法（ERIC-PCR）联合多位点序列分型（MLST）鉴定菌种同源性;进而探讨产KPC酶肺炎克雷伯菌的分子流行病学特征。结果共收集到70株CR-KP,其中68株改良Hodge试验阳性,扩增产物测序结果均为blaKPC-2基因。ERIC-PCR结果显示,70株KPC型肺炎克雷伯菌分为A、B、C、D、E5个克隆群分别为63株(90.0%)、3株、2株、1株、1株;MLST分成6个ST型,其中ST11型63株（90.0%),ST35型2株,ST1型2株,ST592、ST1883、ST494型均1株。结论丽水市中心医院碳青霉烯类耐药肺炎克雷伯菌的主要克隆群为ST11型,是我院流行感染的主要原因。     

Carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from Turkey with OXA-48-like carbapenemases and outer membrane protein loss

Treatment options are limited in infections caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae, with carbapenems generally preferred. Disturbingly, however, carbapenem-resistant strains are emerging worldwide. Here we report two clinical isolates, one Escherichia coli and one Klebsiella pneumoniae, each with high-level carbapenem resistance (imipenem minimum inhibitory concentration of 32 microg/mL). They were isolated following imipenem therapy from two hospital patients who had received imipenem therapy in different regions of Turkey. Both isolates produced OXA-48-like carbapenemases, enzymes so far reported only from Turkey. Both isolates also had group 1 CTX-M-type ESBLs and had lost major outer membrane proteins. OXA-48-like carbapenemases appear to be scattered in Turkey and surveillance to determine their prevalence is warranted.     

An Xpert screen to identify carbapenemases

To prevent the spread of carbapenemases-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) active surveillance, contact isolation and cohorting infected patients should be practiced. Rectal swabs for the Xpert MDRO-assay of 32 patients were included. 71.85% were positive for targets incorporated into the MDRO-assay; whereas 28% were phenotypically not CRE and Xpert negative (9.37% had different mechanism [bla_OXA]). The assay identified 59.3%, 9.37% and 3.1% as bla_NDM, bla_NDM+VIM and bla_VIM, respectively. The assay is a screening test that identifies CPE harbouring organism within an hour and can be installed at tertiary-care facilities to screen colonized patients.