Needle sharing among southern Thai drug injectors

Aim To examine factors associated with needle sharing among injecting drug users (IDU) in southern Thailand. Design Using a cross‐sectional survey, 272 active IDU were interviewed about their socio‐economic background, needle sharing and drug use patterns at six drug‐treatment clinics in southern Thailand. Findings Ninety‐one per cent of IDU gave a past history of ever sharing injecting equipment: of these, 23% currently injected but did not share and 68% still shared. Only 5% of participants knew that bleaching needles could reduce HIV transmission risks. Recent needle sharing was correlated with number of IDU friends (OR 12.23; CI, 5.24–28.51), engaging in illegal jobs (OR 2.74; CI, 1.13–6.67), being unable to use new needles at all times (OR 2.89; CI, 1.17–7.14) and believing that cleaning contaminated shared needles with at least plain water could reduce HIV transmission (OR 3.32; CI, 1.16–6.68). Conclusions Our data suggest that AIDS prevention efforts should focus on approaches to reduce needle sharing. Needle exchange programs, HIV counseling and testing and bleach distribution may reduce levels of needle‐sharing risks.     

2006年江苏省血吸虫病监测点疫情分析Ⅱ钉螺和感染性钉螺分布情况

目的了解江苏省钉螺和感染性钉螺分布情况,为制定防治规划提供科学依据。方法根据全国和江苏省血吸虫病疫情监测方案的要求,在全省血吸虫病流行区选择有代表性的82个流行村作为监测点,开展钉螺和感染性钉螺分布情况的监测调查。结果全省监测村中有42个监测村发现了钉螺,占监测村的51.22%;有10个监测村发现了感染性钉螺,占监测村的12.20%。监测村发现的钉螺面积占调查总面积的27.86%,发现的感染性钉螺面积占总有螺面积的17.35%。监测村总的钉螺密度为0.16只/0.1m2,总的感染性钉螺平均密度为0.00044只/0.1m2。结论全省螺情仍不容乐观,有可能成为2010年实现江苏省达到"血吸虫病传播控制"目标的主要制约因素。全省在今后的防治策略上,仍应加强钉螺,尤其是感染性钉螺的控制工作,以从根本上消除和降低血吸虫病的危害。     

Association of early annual peak influenza activity with El Niño southern oscillation in Japan

Background Seasonality characterizing influenza epidemics suggests susceptibility to climate variation. El Niño southern oscillation (ENSO), which involves two extreme events, El Niño and La Niña, is well‐known for its large effects on inter‐annual climate variability. The influence of ENSO on several diseases has been described. Objectives In this study, we attempt to analyze the possible influence of ENSO on the timing of the annual influenza activity peak using influenza‐like illness report data in Japan during 1983–2007. Materials Influenza surveillance data for 25 influenza epidemics, available under the National Epidemiological Surveillance of the Infectious Diseases, was used in this study. ENSO data were obtained from the Japan Meteorological Agency. Results Influenza‐like illness peak week varied largely during the study period, ranging between 4th and 11th weeks (middle of winter to early spring). The average of peak week during ENSO cycles (n = 11, average = 4·5 ± 0·9) was significantly earlier than in non‐ENSO years (n = 14, average = 7·6 ± 2·9; P = 0·01), but there was no significant difference in the peak timing between hot (El Niño) and cold (La Niña) phases. Earlier peaks of influenza activity were observed in 16, out of 25, epidemics. These coincided with 10 (90·9%) out of 11 ENSO and 6 (85·7%) out of seven large‐scale epidemics. Conclusion Influenza activity peak occurred earlier in years associated with ENSO and/or large scale epidemics.     

京杭大运河丹阳段及丹金溧漕河沿线钉螺时空分布特征研究

目的　分析京杭大运河江苏丹阳段及丹金溧漕河沿线钉螺时空分布特征,为动态评估该区域钉螺扩散风险提供科学依据。方法　收集2012－2017年研究区域内水网型血吸虫病流行区螺情数据,采用缓冲区分析、空间自相关分析、热点分析及标准差椭圆分析法,探索京杭大运河丹阳段及丹金溧漕河沿线钉螺时空变化趋势。结果　2012－2017年,研究区域内有螺环境数呈上升趋势;有螺环境主要分布于丹金溧漕河1 000 m缓冲区内,特别是京杭大运河与丹金溧漕河交汇处的老九曲河沿线。2014、2016、2017年,研究区域内钉螺分布存在空间自相关,热点区域主要为丹金溧漕河与京杭大运河交汇处;钉螺分布整体呈东北-西南方向,随着时间变化逐渐向南北方向转变。结论　京杭大运河丹阳段及丹金溧漕河沿线钉螺空间分布复杂,存在从上游向下游扩散的风险,需加强该区域的灭螺工作。     

2005-2010年江苏省血吸虫病国家级监测点疫情分析

目的分析2005-2010年江苏省8个国家级血吸虫病监测点疫情状况,掌握各监测点的疫情变化趋势,为制定防治对策提供参考依据。方法根据《全国血吸虫病监测方案》,在江苏省设立8个监测点,开展病情、螺情等疫情纵向观察。结果2005-2010年8个监测点居民血吸虫血检阳性率、感染率整体呈下降趋势,分别由2005年的9.04%和0.22%下降至2010年的4.34%和0.02%,下降率分别为51.99%和90.91%;农民、渔民和商业服务等职业人群感染率较高,低年龄组学生感染度相对较高,未发现本地急性感染者。共调查7 466.46 hm2环境,分别查出钉螺与感染螺面积2 213.98 hm2和247.91 hm2,活螺密度和感染螺密度逐年下降,2010年未发现感染性钉螺,总体钉螺面积仍维持在较高水平。结论江苏省居民感染率处于较低水平,并呈逐年下降趋势;但对钉螺和传染源的监测和控制仍需进一步加强。     

大别山区3种鸢尾科药材白绢病病原鉴定及其生物学特性

为明确大别山区射干、鸢尾、蝴蝶花3种鸢尾科药材白绢病病原菌种类及其生物学特性,该文根据柯赫法则对鸢尾科白绢病病原菌进行了分离、鉴定、致病性测定并对其生物学特性进行了研究,此外,采用菌丝生长速率法测定了9种化学杀菌剂、3种植物源杀菌剂和5种微生物菌剂对白绢病菌的抑制作用。结果表明:从射干、鸢尾、蝴蝶花感病植株分离得到的SG-Q,YW-Q,HDH-Q菌株通过形态鉴定,18S rDNA,rDNA-ITS以及TEF序列分子鉴定均为齐整小核菌Sclerotium rolfsii。通过田间调查及回接实验表明3种鸢尾科药材白绢病田间发病率是射干>蝴蝶花>鸢尾,菌株致病力强弱则是SG-Q>YW-Q>HDH-Q。在不同培养条件下白绢病菌菌株SG-Q适宜在12 h光照/12 h黑暗条件下生长,最适生长温度为30℃,最适生长pH为5。9种化学杀菌剂中29%石硫合剂和10%氟硅唑对病原菌SG-Q菌丝生长具有很好的抑制作用;3种植物源杀菌剂1%蛇床子素、20%丁子香酚、0.5%小檗碱均对SG-Q菌丝生长具有抑制作用,且可使该菌菌丝形态发生变化;5种微生物菌剂中哈茨木霉菌和枯草芽孢杆菌对SG-Q菌丝生长具有较好抑制作用。     

华南汉族健康者凝血因子VII R353Q基因型的分布

目的观察凝血因子VII(coagulationf actor VII,FVII)R353Q基因多态性在华南汉族健康者人群中的分布。方法提取华南汉族60名正常健康者基因组DNA,应用多聚酶链反应(PCR)技术和限制性内切酶片段长度多态性技术检测上述人群的FVII R353Q基因型。结果华南汉族人群FVII基因R353Q具3种基因型(RR,RQ,QQ),FVII等位基因R、Q基因频率在人群中分别为90.9%,9.1%。基因型频率符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡定律。结论华南汉族健康人群凝血因子VII基因R353Q多态具3种基因型(RR,RQ,QQ),R等位基因携带频率明显高于Q等位基因。     

Anaemia and thalassaemia in healthy adolescents from southern Chinese families

A study was conducted on 447 healthy high school students of southern Chinese descent to determine the prevalence of anaemia and thalassaemia. Haematological data and serum ferritin levels were determined on all venous blood samples. Haemoglobin (Hb) electrophoretic study was conducted on 43 students who had anaemia (Hb less than 12 g/dL), and/or mean corpuscular volume (MCV) less than 80 fL. They were re-assessed after 1 month of oral iron therapy. Three girls had definite iron deficient anaemia (less than 1%). Thirty-nine students had either alpha, or beta-thalassaemia, only seven of whom showed anaemia. Since the overwhelming majority of both the thalassaemic students (38 of 39) and the participants (429 of 447) were of Cantonese extraction (native of Guangdong province), the overall incidence of 8.8% (alpha-thalassaemia 5.4%, beta-thalassaemia 3.4%) reflected the high frequency of the thalassaemia gene among this group of southern Chinese. MCV measurement, rather than Hb, was more useful in its detection.     

Dietary exposure and urinary excretion of total N-nitroso compounds,nitrosamino acids and volatile nitrosamine in inhabitants of high- and low-risk areas for esophageal cancer in southern China

We assessed the exposure of total N-nitroso compounds (TNOCs) in the inhabitants of high- and low-risk areas for esophageal cancer in southern China. Samples of 24 hr diet and 12 hr overnight urine were collected from 120 male adults in each of the 2 areas, a high-risk area (Nan'ao County) and a low-risk area (Lufeng County) for esophageal cancer. Annual standardized mortality rates of esophageal cancer in Nan'ao and Lufeng are 110/10(6) and 10/10(6) respectively. The 240 healthy male subjects (35-64 years old) were selected by a 3-stage random cluster sample procedure. Levels of TNOCs, NAAs and volatile nitrosamines in the samples were measured. The TNOC detection rate (95%) in the diet, the TNOC daily intake (4.25 +/- 0.84 micromol), TNOC excretion levels (0.04 +/- 0.01 nmol/12 hr) and daily intake of volatile nitrosamines (5.84 +/- 0.71 micromol) in the high-risk area were significantly greater than values in the low-risk area (A +/- B = mean +/- SE). The TNOC detection rate in the diet, the TNOC daily intake, TNOC excretion levels and daily intake of volatile nitrosamines in the low-risk area were 70%, 0.25 +/- 0.06 micromol, 0.02 +/- 0.01 nmol/12 hr and 3.18 +/- 0.31 micromol, respectively. NAA excretion levels showed no difference between the 2 areas (16.3 +/- 7.18 micromol/12 hr for Nan'ao and 31.2 +/- 26.4 micromol/12 hr for Lufeng). Thus, TNOCs are implicated in the etiology of esophageal cancer in southern China.