Relative entropy minimizing noisy non-linear neural network to approximate stochastic processes

A method is provided for designing and training noise-driven recurrent neural networks as models of stochastic processes. The method unifies and generalizes two known separate modeling approaches, Echo State Networks (ESN) and Linear Inverse Modeling (LIM), under the common principle of relative entropy minimization. The power of the new method is demonstrated on a stochastic approximation of the El Niño phenomenon studied in climate research.     

江苏省卫生地方标准工作现状分析

目的分析江苏省卫生地方标准发展现状，提出优化建议。方法采用数据库检索方式进行分析。结果江苏省卫生地方标准制定主体以卫生行政部门为主，技术标准数量较多。75.00%的标准标龄较短，标准更新较少。江苏省卫生地方标准以职业健康领域标准为主，存在总体标准数量较少、分类依据不清晰、缺乏系统性及全面性指导、第三方主体作用不突出、标准重制定而轻执行等问题。结论江苏省卫生地方标准在促进江苏省卫生领域发展，完善卫生健康管理体系方面发挥着重要作用。建议建立健全标准化工作政策法规，强化标准实施，建立标准专业化队伍，推动行业标准化工作发展。     

双源双能量CT对新疆南疆地区儿童输尿管结石的诊断价值

目的：双源双能量低剂量CT在诊断儿童泌尿系结石中的应用价值。方法该研究将探究采用双能量CT技术在新疆南疆地区儿童输尿管结石疾病诊断和鉴别诊断的意义,然后比较其图像质量、信噪比、病变检出率这几方面,分析其在临床诊断中的可行性,将56例儿童病例分CT检查组及超声检查组,分析两组间对于难诊断型输尿管结石的统计学差异。结果双源双能量CT诊断输尿管结石儿童56例,所有病例均经过B超检查,其中1例腹段、3例盆段、2例多发输尿管结石B超未诊出或漏诊;CT诊断47例有肾积水、其中14例伴有中重度积水,9例有合并泌尿系的感染,2例诊断为泌尿系结核,1例为神经源性膀胱。结论双能量低剂量CT诊断常规检查方法没有诊出,对并发症、合并症的发现有很好诊断价值。     

Immunogenicity and safety of an E. coli-produced bivalent human papillomavirus (type 16 and 18) vaccine: A randomized controlled phase 2 clinical trial

BackgroundThis study aimed to investigate the dosage, immunogenicity and safety profile of a novel human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18 bivalent vaccine produced by E. coli.MethodsThis randomized, double-blinded, controlled phase 2 trial enrolled women aged 18–25 years in China. Totally 1600 eligible participants were randomized to receive 90 μg, 60 μg, or 30 μg of the recombinant HPV 16/18 bivalent vaccine or the control hepatitis B vaccine on a 0, 1 and 6 month schedule. The designated doses are the combined micrograms of HPV16 and 18 VLPs with dose ratio of 2:1. The immunogenicity of the vaccines was assessed by measuring anti-HPV 16 and 18 neutralizing antibodies and total IgG antibodies. Safety of the vaccine was assessed.ResultsAll but one of the seronegative participants who received 3 doses of the HPV vaccines seroconverted at month 7 for anti-HPV 16/18 neutralizing antibodies and IgG antibodies. For HPV 16, the geometric mean titers (GMTs) of the neutralizing antibodies were similar between the 60 μg (GMT = 10,548) and 90 μg (GMT = 12,505) HPV vaccine groups and were significantly higher than those in the 30 μg (GMT = 7596) group. For HPV 18, the GMTs of the neutralizing antibodies were similar among the 3 groups. The HPV vaccine was well tolerated. No vaccine-associated serious adverse events were identified.ConclusionThe prokaryotic-expressed HPV vaccine is safe and immunogenic in women aged 18–25 years. The 60 μg dosage formulation was selected for further investigation for efficacy.Clinical trials registration: NCT01356823.     

2019年江苏省疟疾疫情分析

目的　分析2019年江苏省疟疾疫情,为制订防止疟疾输入再传播监测策略和措施提供科学依据。方法　收集2019年江苏省疟疾病例报告信息、流行病学个案调查、疫点调查与处置结案报告等疟疾疫情资料,并采用描述性方法进行分析。结果　2019年江苏省累计报告疟疾病例244例,均为实验室确诊的境外感染输入性病例,其中间日疟4例、恶性疟206例、三日疟12例、卵形疟22例;11例发展为重症病例,1例死亡。全省13个设区市报告病例数居前5位的依次为南京、南通、连云港、泰州、常州,报告的疟疾病例数占全省报告病例总数的59.84%。2019年报告的244例疟疾病例中,2例感染地为大洋洲巴布亚新几内亚、1例为亚洲巴基斯坦,其他241例均为非洲的27个国家或地区,其中输入来源较多的国家为安哥拉、刚果民主共和国、尼日利亚、赤道几内亚和科特迪瓦。244例疟疾病例中,在发病当天和发病后1～3 d就诊分别有77例（31.55%）和146例（59.84%）,首次就诊和就诊后1～3 d确诊分别有149例（61.06%）和77例（31.55%）,从就诊到确诊平均时间为（0.80 ± 1.59）d,较2018年的（1.34 ± 2.59）d显著缩短（U = 2.53,P < 0.05）。结论　江苏省应继续加强输入性疟疾监测和管理,提高输入性疟疾诊断能力和危重疟疾病例救治能力,以巩固消除疟疾成果。     

Prevention of hypertension in patients with prehypertension in the rural areas of China: a community-based quasi-experiment

Background

People with prehypertension are highly likely to develop hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases. Lifestyle modifications may prevent hypertension in patients with prehypertension, but evidence remains scarce in developing countries. This study aimed to investigate whether a community-based intervention could prevent hypertension through lifestyle modifications in people with prehypertension in the rural areas of China.

How many sputum smears are necessary for case finding in pulmonary tuberculosis?

We reviewed the laboratory registers of 42 tuberculosis (TB) diagnostic centres in the southern region of Ethiopia to determine the value of submitting serial sputum samples for the diagnosis of pulmonary TB (PTB) and estimate the proportion of suspects that are smear positive. A total of 15,821 TB suspects submitted three smears each (47,463 smears) in 2000 with a median of 228 per centre. The smear positivity rate (two or more positive smears) was 25%, with a range of 16.8-36.4% per zone. This exceeds the international recommendations of examining 10 suspects to identify one case. A total of 4099 (26%) of the suspects had at least one positive smear with 3753 (91.6%) of the first specimens being positive. A further 303 (7.4%) were negative in the first specimen but had a positive second specimen and 42 (1%) suspects had two negative specimens followed by a positive third smear. The value of the third sputum is negligible as 99% of the cases were identified from the first and second specimens. Reducing the number of specimens to two or even one would have multiple advantages in countries where laboratories are usually over-burdened and are not easily accessible to the population. Submission of two specimens on the same day could improve compliance in submitting samples and collecting results as the number of diagnostic visits would be reduced without significant loss of sensitivity.     

2002～2007年江苏省急性血吸虫病疫情分析

目的 分析2002～2007年江苏省急性血吸虫病发生与流行特点,为制订防制对策提供依据.方法 收集2002～2007年江苏省急性血吸虫病患者个案资料及突发疫情报表,用描述流行病学方法对数据资料进行分析.结果 2002～2007年江苏省共发生急性血吸虫感染277例,发生血吸虫病突发疫情20起.2002年发病率为0.90/10万,2007年为0.2005年以后无突发疫情.发病时间最早为4月,最晚11月,8月为高峰.男女病例数之比为7.94:1.病例年龄分布呈双峰状,高峰出现于10～20岁和30～40岁年龄组.发病以农民为最多(27.44%),其次为民工(24.55%)、学生(18.77%)和渔船民(17.69%).游泳嬉水是最主要的接触疫水方式(39.71%).本县居民在本县辖地感染病例占37.55%,外省或本省居民在本省他县辖地感染病例占62.45%.外省输入性急性血吸虫病病例共报告89例,其中渔船民占33.71%.67.33%的病例分布于尚未达到传播控制县.江滩与通江河滩是急性血吸虫感染的主要环境(88.81%).急性血吸虫病发病率与感染性钉螺面积呈显著正相关.结论 江苏省血吸虫病突发疫情得到有效控制,急性血吸虫病发病率逐年下降.     

血吸虫对吡喹酮抗药性的研究Ⅱ曼氏血吸虫吡喹酮敏感株与抗性株虫卵和毛蚴对吡喹酮的反应性

目的　比较曼氏血吸虫吡喹酮敏感株与抗性株虫卵和毛蚴对吡喹酮的反应性 ,旨在运用敏感株与抗性株反应性间的差异 ,建立简单快速吡喹酮敏感性检测方法。方法　将各株虫卵分别孵育于 5× 10 -6、10 -6、5× 10 -7mol/ L和 10 -7mol/ L吡喹酮溶液中 2 4h,后移至清水孵化 ,比较虫卵的孵化率。将各株毛蚴分别暴露于 10 -3 、10 -4 、10 -5、5× 10 -6、10 -6、5× 10 -7mol/ L和 10 -7mol/ L吡喹酮溶液中 ,0、1、5 min后观察比较毛蚴的运动及形态学变化。结果　经 10 -6mol/ L 和 5× 10 -7mol/L吡喹酮孵育 2 4h后 ,敏感株血吸虫虫卵的孵化率分别为 4.2 %和 3 0 .7% ,抗性株分别为 2 4.2 %和61.2 %。当毛蚴暴露于 5× 10 -6mol/ L吡喹酮中 ,敏感株 10 0 %毛蚴体中部立刻收缩变形 ,而抗性株仅见 13 .4%毛蚴变形 ;当暴露于 10 -6mol/ L 吡喹酮 0、1、5 min后 ,敏感株毛蚴的变形率分别为3 5 .5 %、63 .9%、91.2 % ;抗性株分别为 0、7.6%、14 .3 %。结论　曼氏血吸虫吡喹酮抗性株和敏感株虫卵与毛蚴阶段对吡喹酮的体外反应性的差异均非常显著。提示 ,将毛蚴移入 10 -6mol/ L吡喹酮溶液中 1min,镜下观察其变形率 ,作为曼氏血吸虫对吡喹酮敏感性的检测方法 ,可用于现场判断病人化疗失败的原因是否是由于吡喹酮抗性     

江苏省苏中地区人体重要寄生虫病流行现状调查

目的　了解分析江苏省中部地区人体重要寄生虫病流行现状 ,为今后防治方案的制定提供依据。　方法　按照《全国人体重要寄生虫病现状调查实施细则》方法和要求 ,在苏中 4县 (市 ) 11个中签点调查。　结果　人群总感染率为 6.87% ,男、女感染率分别为 6.0 2 %和 7.67% ,两者差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。共查见 9种寄生虫 ,其中线虫 6种、吸虫 2种、绦虫 1种。感染 1、2种虫者分别占感染人数的 93 .2 5 %和 6.75 %。蛲虫、钩虫、鞭虫和蛔虫的感染率分别为7.18%、4.16%、1.65 %和 0 .41%。 <15岁及 >5 0岁年龄组感染率明显高于其他各年龄组。　结论　江苏省苏中地区人体重要寄生虫感染率较 10年前有大幅度下降 ,主要与大面积防治以及社会经济、文化、卫生等水平的提高密切相关。但低年龄组和中、老年龄组 ,蛲虫和钩虫是该地区今后防治的重点人群和重点虫种。