Reproductive Factors and Subtypes of Breast Cancer Defined by Estrogen Receptor,Progesterone Receptor,and Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2: A Register-Based Study From Korea

BackgroundThe relationship between reproductive breast risk factors and breast cancer survival in patients with different breast cancer subtypes is not well known.MethodsWe examined a large-sized, retrospective study of 23,882 subjects from the Korean Breast Cancer Registry. The breast cancer subtype was determined by immunohistochemical staining for estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). Information regarding reproductive factors, including breastfeeding, age at first birth (AFB), and parity, was gathered. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to estimate the association among breast cancer subtypes, such as luminal A, luminal B, Her-2/neu overexpressing, and triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), and breast cancer survival as dependent variables and adjusting for age and stage.ResultsHigh parity (≥ 5) increased the recurrence risk of luminal A and B breast cancer (hazard ratio [HR], 1.95; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.96-3.97; P = .0055 and HR, 1.12; 95% CI, 0.42-3.02, respectively; P = .0073) in breast cancer–specific survival (BCSS), but 1 to 3 child births decreased the recurrence risk of luminal A breast cancer (HR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.34-0.91; P = .0055) and luminal B breast cancer (HR, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.17-0.61; P = .0073) in BCSS. Early AFB (< 20 years) increased the recurrence risk of luminal A breast cancers (HR, 1.61; 95% CI, 0.62-4.26; P = .039) in BCSS and of TNBC (HR, 1.31; 95% CI, 0.78-2.21; P = .0006) in overall survival. Her-2/neu overexpressing breast cancer had no correlation with parity and AFB in breast cancer survival.ConclusionsHigh parity (≥ 5) and early AFB (< 20 years) were correlated with worse clinical outcomes in patients with luminal breast cancer, but not with other subtyped breast cancers.     

腹泻型、便秘型及混合型肠易激综合征患者肠道菌群的差异性比较

目的 比较腹泻型、便秘型及混合型肠易激综合征(IBS)患者肠道菌群的差异性.方法 选取本院消化内科腹泻型、便秘型、混合型IBS患者各40例,同时选取同期在本院体检的健康者40例作为对照,比较四组患者肠道菌群差异.结果 对照组肠道菌群密集度Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级分别为0％、10％、35％、55％,腹泻组10％、60％、25％、5％,便秘组5％、25％、35％、35％,混合组5％、20％、40％、35％,腹泻组肠道菌群密集度与其他三组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);对照组肠道菌群多样性Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级分别为5％、20％、65％、10％,腹泻组15％、50％、15％、20％,便秘组10％、30％、45％、15％,混合组10％、45％、30％、15％,腹泻组、混合组与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),腹泻组和便秘组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);对照组肠杆菌、肠球菌、双歧杆菌、乳杆菌、拟杆菌分别为(8.18±0.68)、6.74±0.89)、(8.93±0.87)、(7.05±1.07)、(8.42±0.64)logCFU/g湿便,B/E值为(1.08±0.15),而腹泻组分别为(8.81±1.04)、(6.40±0.87)、(8.26±0.94)、(6.32±1.05)、(8.62±0.62) logCFU/g湿便和(0.95±0.14),便秘组(8.24±0.87)、(6.58±1.05)、(8.54±1.04)、(6.48±0.84)、(9.24±0.64)logCFU/g湿便和(1.04±0.18),混合组(8.83±1.12)、(6.78±1.19)、(8.62±0.91)、(6.21±1.04)、(8.48±0.69) logCFU/g湿便和(0.98±0.16),与对照组比较,IBS组肠杆菌、拟杆菌增多(P＜ 0.05),双歧杆菌、乳杆菌和B/E值减少(P＜0.05),肠球菌差异不显著(P＞0.05).结论 肠易激综合征患者均存在不同程度肠道菌群紊乱,其中以腹泻型IBS菌群失调最为严重,肠道菌群是影响IBS发生的因素之一.     

Phylogenetics of HIV-1 subtype G env: Greater complexity and older origins than previously reported

HIV-1 subtype G has played an early and central role in the emergent complexity of the HIV-1 group M (HIV-1M) epidemic in central/west Africa. Here, we analysed new subtype G env sequences sampled from 8 individuals in Yaoundé, Cameroon during 2007–2010, together with all publically available subtype G-attributed full-length env sequences with known sampling dates and locations. We inferred that the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of the analysed subtype G env sequences most likely occurred in ∼1953 (95% Highest Posterior Density interval [HPD] 1939–1963): about 15 years earlier than previous estimates. We found that the subtype G env phylogeny has a complex structure including seven distinct lineages, each likely dating back to the late 1960s or early 1970s. Sequences from Angola, Gabon and the Democratic Republic of Congo failed to group consistently in these lineages, possibly because they are related to more ancient sequences that are poorly sampled. The circulating recombinant form (CRF), CRF06_cpx env sequences but not CRF25_cpx env sequences are phylogenetically nested within the subtype G clade. This confirms that the CRF06_cpx env plausibly was derived through recombination from a subtype G parent, and suggests that the CRF25_cpx env was likely derived from an HIV-1M lineage related to the MRCA of subtype G that has remained undiscovered and may be extinct. Overall, this fills important gaps in our knowledge of the early events in the spread of HIV-1M.     

2018年至2019年浙江省绍兴市新确证人类免疫缺陷病毒1型感染者的分子传播网络特征分析

目的分析浙江省绍兴市新确证人类免疫缺陷病毒1型(human immunodeficiency virus type 1,HIV-1)感染者传播关系的分子网络特征,为疫情流行趋势和防治提供依据。方法纳入2018年8月至2019年12月绍兴市新确证未经抗病毒治疗的423份HIV-1感染/艾滋病病例血液样本,获得375份样本序列,采用反转录聚合酶链反应和巢式聚合酶链反应扩增HIV-1的pol基因,采用MEGA 6.0软件构建系统进化树分析亚型,并采用HyPhy软件和Cytoscape 3.7.2。生成不同基因距离的分子网络,通过美国斯坦福大学HIV耐药数据库在线软件工具分析耐药突变位点。结果375份样本序列中发现8种亚型,优势亚型为流行重组型(circulating recombinant form,CRF)07BC 215份(57.33%),CRF01AE 103份(27.47%),其他包括CRF08BC、CRF85BC、CRF5501B、B、C和CRF01AE/B亚型。在基因距离为1.50%时,共形成24个分子簇,194条序列入网,入网率为51.73%。在分子簇最多的0.75%基因距离时,共形成30个分子簇,129条序列入网,入网率为34.40%,35例以老年人为主的病例聚集成CL1簇。42份样本存在监测性耐药突变(surveillance drug resistance mutation,SDRM),耐药传播率为11.20%(42/375),其中非核苷类反转录酶抑制剂耐药突变38例,分别为K103N(32/375,8.53%)、K103S(4/375,1.07%)、Y188L(1/375,0.27%)和G190A(1/375,0.27%),蛋白酶抑制剂耐药突变4例,分别为M46I(3/375,0.80%)和V82A(1/375,0.27%)。分子簇C2序列携带高比例耐药突变(94.29%,33/35)。结论绍兴市HIV-1亚型丰富多样,CRF07BC亚型传播迅速;在0.75%基因距离仍聚集的CL1簇老年病例亟待干预,防止该耐药毒株的进一步快速传播。     

我国人群和动物芽囊原虫感染研究进展

囊原虫（Blastocystis）是一种可寄生于人类和多种动物的单细胞、厌氧性肠道原虫,在全球广泛分布。芽囊原虫感染在我国健康人群、儿童、学生、门诊及住院患者、腹泻等人群中均有报道,免疫力低下人群感染率较高,广西和云南地区人群感染率相对较高。根据小亚基核糖体RNA（small?subunit ribosomal RNA,SSU rRNA）基因序列差异,芽囊原虫分为17种亚型（ST1～ST17）,其中ST1～ST9、ST12亚型可感染人和动物,ST10～ST17亚型仅感染动物。我国人群芽囊原虫基因亚型以ST1～ST3为主,并存在ST1和ST3、ST1和ST2、ST2和ST3等混合基因亚型感染。本文就我国人群和不同动物感染芽囊原虫的流行病学、基因分型进行综述。     

九江市HIV-1流行毒株基因序列测定和亚型分析

目的了解九江市艾滋病病毒1型(HIV-1)流行毒株的亚型分布情况。方法对采集的6份九江市HIV-1感染者的血浆样品进行RT-PCR扩增,获得gag基因的核酸片断进行核苷酸序列分析。结果在6份样品中发现B’亚型HIV-1毒株4株,B亚型和A/E重组亚型HIV-1毒株各1株。结论HIV-1流行毒株亚型在九江市分布情况复杂,防控形势严峻。     

Effect of Prostaglandin E Receptor Subtype EP4 Selective Agonist on the Secretion of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α by Macrophages in Acute Ethanol-Loaded Rats

Background: It is suggested that endotoxin and proinflammatory cytokines play an important role in the development and progression of alcoholic liver disease. Recently, a prostaglandin receptor subtype EP4 agonist with cytoprotective effect has been developed. We examined the efficacy of an EP4 agonist ONO-AE1-437 on tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) secretion of Kupffer cells, splenic macrophages, and alveolar macrophages in acute ethanol-loaded rats.
Methods: Kupffer cells, splenic macrophages, and alveolar macrophages were isolated from control and acute ethanol-loaded rats (5 mg/g body weight of ethanol, intraperitoneally). After the preculture in the medium that containing 0, 0.1, 1, 10, or 100 nmol/liter of ONO-AE1-437, TNF-α secretion of these cells stimulated by 100 ng/ml of endotoxin was determined for 3 hr.
Results: The amount of TNF-α secreted from alveolar macrophages was largest in both the control and the acute ethanol-loaded rats. Acute ethanol load enhances TNF-α secretion of splenic macrophages. The addition of ONO-AE1-437 significantly inhibited TNF-α secretion of Kupffer cells and splenic macrophages in both the control and the acute ethanol-loaded rats. Alveolar macrophages were less affected.
Conclusions: An EP4 agonist ONO-AE1-437 suppresses excess TNF-α secretion from macrophages and seems promising for future trial in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis.     

广西凭祥市和宾阳县HIV-1流行毒株gag基因的序列测定和亚型分析

目的了解广西壮族自治区凭祥市和宾阳县吸毒人群中流行的艾滋病病毒1型(HIV-1)毒株的亚型及各种亚型的分布特点。方法对HIV-1阳性的10例吸毒人员和1例受血者进行流行病学调查,采集外周静脉抗凝血,提取前病毒DNA进行体外扩增,并对获得的gag区基因的核酸片段进行测序和分析。结果宾阳县的6份样品为CRF08-BC重组株,凭祥市的4份样品均为CRF01-AF重组株,一份输血引起的样品为B’亚型。结论在凭祥市和宾阳县吸毒人群中流行的是不同的HIV-1重组株,而且在同一地区的亚型之间进化比较接近。以上资料表明,CRF08-BC和CRF01-AE在这两地区的静脉吸毒者中成为主要的流行株。     

重庆市艾滋病分子流行病学调查

目的 对重庆市艾滋病病毒感染者/艾滋病病人(HIV/AIDS)进行分子流行病学调查,为重庆市乃至全国的艾滋病预防控制工作提供有价值的资料。方法 传统流行病学与分子流行病学方法相结合,对重庆市HIV/AIDS的疫情特征进行分析,对重庆市HIV毒株作基因序列分析,总结其传播途径与亚型之间的关系,分析不同亚型在重庆市流行的时间及变异程度,并提出预防控制工作重点。结果 目前重庆市HIV感染率达11.7/10万,女性感染者比例高于全国平均水平;重庆市流行毒株有B’、C、E、G4种亚型,C亚型占优势,G亚型为全国首次发现。结论 重庆市艾滋病流行形势严峻,迫切需要深入开展研究,并在高危人群中开展行为干预措施。     

New Cryptosporidium parvum subtypes of IIa subfamily in dairy calves from Brazil

Bovine cryptosporidiosis is mainly caused by four distinct species: Cryptosporidium parvum, C. bovis, C. ryanae and C. andersoni. The first, C. parvum, is a major concern in livestock causing economic losses, in addition to public health impact because of its zoonotic characteristics. The present study aimed to determine the occurrence of different species and subtypes of Cryptosporidium using molecular techniques. A total of 143 fecal samples were collected from calves from three dairy farms located in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Saturated sugar centrifugal flotation method was used for the microscopic evaluation of the samples. Among these samples, 19.6% (28) were positive by microscopy, and 82.1% (23) of these 28 samples had their diagnosis confirmed by PCR using 18S as gene target. After sequencing, three species of Cryptosporidium were found to infect calves in different age groups. In pre-weaning phase (<2 months), 10% (3/30) of the calves were infected with C. parvum, whereas 14.2% (16/113) of post-weaning calves (≥2 months) were observed to be infected with C. andersoni and 1.8% (2/113) by C. ryanae with the latter diagnosed for the first time in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Those samples identified as C. parvum were further characterized at the GP60 locus, and PCR products were cloned. Eight different subtypes (IIaA20G2R1, IIaA20G2R2, IIaA19G2R1, IIaA19G2R2, IIaA18G1R1, IIaA18G2R2, IIaA16G3R2 and IIaA14G2R2) of C. parvum were identified, all belonging to the IIa family subtype, which is considered of high zoonotic potential. The subtypes mentioned above have not yet been detected in Brazilian cattle, and four of these subtypes (IIaA20G2R2, IIaA19G2R2, IIaA18G2R2 and IIaA14G2R2) had not been diagnosed elsewhere in calves until this study.