The effects of dietary modification as denned by NACNE on the eating habits of 28 people

Twenty-eight members of the general public, with little nutritional knowledge and no previous commitment to dietary change, completed 7-day-weighed dietary diaries. They then attempted to change their diets, where appropriate, in line with current nutritional guidelines.
The panel achieved changes in diet that were consistent with the recent recommendations but several problems arose. In particular, although fat levels were reduced, energy levels fell and fibre goals were not reached; in addition, certain of the initial vitamin and mineral intakes gave cause for concern. These results emphasize the importance of giving advice not only about foods that might be reduced in the diet, but also about food that might be used as alternatives. They also illustrate the difficulty of persuading people to make radical changes to their eating habits even when given personal advice from a nutritionist.
The panel was small and not necessarily representative, but the results illustrate the need for more dietary analysis studies. It is not enough simply to formulate appropriate guidelines from a nutritional point of view; it is also important to ensure that the public understands them and that people make sensible decisions about their diet.     

透明质酸钠与带蒂筋膜脂肪片预防椎管粘连157例临床观察

目的:讨透明脂酸钠与带蒂筋膜脂肪片联合应用预防椎管粘连的可行性。方法:板切除减压,病灶摘除后,将透明脂酸钠2～4ml注入硬膜周围,后用带蒂筋膜脂肪片覆盖椎版缺损处。结果:57例术后随访6～64个月,优良率98%。结论:明脂酸钠与带蒂筋膜脂肪片联合应用为预防椎管粘连的有效方法。     

Dopaminergic transmission in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus to produce acupuncture analgesia in correlation with the pituitary gland

Acupuncture analgesia (AA) caused by low frequency stimulation of the acupuncture point (AP) was abolished by hypophysectomy and adrenalectomy. Termination of the AA producing pathway from the AP to the pituitary gland was in the medial hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (M-HARN). The origin of the descending pain inhibitory system associated with AA was in the posterior HARN (P-HARN). AA in the hypophysectomized rats, and enhanced neuronal activity in the P-HARN that were abolished during acupuncture stimulation, were both restored by intraperitoneal microinjection of 0.5 mg/kg morphine or 0.1 micrograms beta-endorphin into the P-HARN during acupuncture stimulation. Of the analgesia produced by dopamine or beta-endorphin injected into the P-HARN, that caused by beta-endorphin disappeared after denervation of the M-HARN. The P-HARN neurons that responded to acupuncture stimulation also responded to iontophoretic dopamine, but not to iontophoretic morphine nor ultramicroinjected beta-endorphin. The transmission between the M-HARN and P-HARN may be dopaminergic, and beta-endorphin might presynaptically modulate this transmission. Reduction of sodium ions may have been the reason for abolition of AA after adrenalectomy.     

Buffering the stomach content enhances the absorption of diflunisal in man

Diflunisal, a lipophilic salicylate, is absorbed more slowly in healthy volunteers than aspirin. In this paper we report on attempts to influence diflunisal absorption by buffering the gastric milieu. Sodium bicarbonate given together and 30 min after diflunisal tablets significantly (p less than 0.05) shortened the time to reach peak plasma concentration (tmax greater than 15 per cent), raised maximum plasma concentration slightly (Cmax 6 per cent) and increased the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC greater than 8 per cent). Other pharmacokinetic parameters, including terminal half-life and renal elimination of the compound, were not considerably influenced. These findings indicate that the absorption of diflunisal was enhanced by increased gastric pH, presumably a result of an increased solubility of diflunisal in the stomach together with faster transport into the small intestine. In one volunteer, after intravenous administration diflunisal plasma concentrations declined in a triphasic manner with a terminal half-life of 12.8 h. The volume of distribution was approximately 10 per cent of body weight. Based on the ratio of AUC after equivalent i.v. and oral diflunisal doses, the absolute bioavailability was 89.5 per cent.     

孕妇维生素营养状况与胎儿生长发育的典型相关研究

目的 对孕妇维生素营养状况与胎儿生长发育的关系进行典型相关分析。方法 以湖南省长沙市224名孕妇为调查对象,测定了不同孕龄孕妇的血清维生素水平及胎儿生长发育评价指标,并对孕妇的膳食营养素摄入、生活因素进行了调查。结果 孕妇血清维生素E水平随妊娠进展明显上升,叶酸水平则下降,在孕晚期尤为明显;典型相关分析的结果显示:孕妇的4项血清维生素水平与孕妇产前宫高、腹围、胎儿股骨长、新生儿出生体重、新生儿Apgar评分5项指标呈正相关(P<0.05),提示孕妇维生素营养状况影响胎儿骨骼、肌肉、神经等的发育;对孕妇生活因素、膳食摄入进行综合分析的结果显示它们对胎儿生长发育的影响依次为孕妇的膳食援入(决定系数R~2=49.10％)、孕妇4种血清维生素水平(R~2=29.94％)、生活因素(R~2=14.32%)。结论 孕妇维生素营养状况与胎儿生长发育密切相关。     

NariSO3和NaCl联合增敏光度法测定碘盐中微量碘

研究亚硫酸氢钠和氯化钠配伍使用的增敏性,建立了NaHSO3—NaCl—KIO3—KI四元无机体系测定碘盐中碘含量的新方法。测定碘的最佳条件:磷酸介质,pH 3~4,最大吸收波长479 nm,ε479=1.5×105L/(mol/cm),碘含量(以KIO3中I计)在0~2.24mg/L内符合比尔定律。用于测定食盐中碘的含量,回收率为99.49%~101.3%,结果满意。     

铁叶绿酸钠对小鼠行为发育毒性的实验研究

铁叶绿酸钠为叶绿素衍生物,研究表明铁叶绿酸钠治疗妊娠期缺铁性贫血,疗效显著。由于妊娠期用药可能对子代产生行为发育毒性,因此本文重点针对铁叶绿酸钠在动物围产期用药后,可能对子代动物的神经行为发育产生的毒性进行了测试,试验结果表明在高、中、低三种剂量下其对子代小鼠无明显行为发育毒性。     

Molecular basis of severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy

Severe myoclonic epilepsy (SMEI) or Dravet syndrome is caused by mutations of the SCN1A gene that encodes voltage-gated sodium channel alpha-1 subunit. Recently, we generated and characterized a knock-in (KI) mice with an SCN1A nonsense mutation that appeared in three independent SMEI patients. The SCN1A-KI mice well reproduced the SMEI disease phenotypes. Both homozygous and heterozygous knock-in mice developed epileptic seizures within the first postnatal month. In heterozygous knock-in mice, trains of evoked action potentials in inhibitory neurons exhibited pronounced spike amplitude decrement late in the burst but not in pyramidal neurons. We further showed that in wild-type mice the Nav1.1 protein is expressed dominantly in axons and moderately in somata of parbalbumin (PV) – positive inhibitory interneurons. Our immunohistochemical observations of the Nav1.1 are clearly distinct to the previous studies, and our findings has corrected the view of the Nav1.1 protein distribution. The data indicate that Nav1.1 plays critical roles in the spike output from PV interneurons and further, that the specifically altered function of these inhibitory circuits may contribute to epileptic seizures in the mice. These information should contribute to the understanding of molecular pathomechanism of SMEI and to develop its effective therapies.     

耗竭-补充营养素对初断乳大鼠进食量及体重的影响

目的：观察锌(Zn)、维生素A(VA)、维生素B2(VB2)缺乏和补充对初断乳大鼠进食量、体重的影响。方法：通过耗竭一补充方式造成初断乳大鼠的Zn、VA、VB2单独和联合缺乏模型，后强化补充相应营养素，动态检测大鼠进食量、体重的变化。结果：Zn、VA、VB2缺乏时不同程度地影响大鼠进食量、体重，以联合缺乏影响最为突出；强化补充相应营养素后，大鼠进食量、体重均得到改善，但仍达不到正常发育水平。结论：婴幼期Zn、VA、VB2缺乏或不足可影响生长发育，应充分重视婴幼儿营养。     

ProTx-I and ProTx-II: gating modifiers of voltage-gated sodium channels.

The tarantula venom peptides ProTx-I and ProTx-II inhibit voltage-gated sodium channels by shifting their voltage dependence of activation to a more positive potential, thus acting by a mechanism similar to that of potassium channel gating modifiers such as hanatoxin and VSTX1. ProTx-I and ProTx-II inhibit all sodium channel (Nav1) subtypes tested with similar potency and represent the first potent peptidyl inhibitors of TTX-resistant sodium channels. Like gating modifiers of potassium channels, ProTx-I and ProTx-II conform to the inhibitory cystine knot motif, and ProTx-II was demonstrated to bind to sodium channels in the closed state. Both toxins have been synthesized chemically, and ProTx-II, produced by recombinant means, has been used to map the interaction surface of the peptide with the Nav1.5 channel. In comparison, beta-scorpion toxins activate sodium channels by shifting the voltage dependence of activation to more negative potentials, and together these peptides represent valuable tools for exploring the gating mechanism of sodium channels.