陕西省零售药店药品价格与可获得性评估研究

目的:探析实施国家基本药物制度对陕西省零售药店药品价格与可获得性产生的影响,为政策调整提出相应建议。方法:利用第二版WHO-HAI标准化调查方法,分别于2010年和2012年对陕西省6个地市的36家和72家零售药店进行调查,将44种药品的价格、可获得性和可负担性数据进行比较。结果:样本药店中原研药和最低价格仿制药的可获得性略有降低;原研药的零售价明显降低,而最低价格仿制药零售价升高,慢性病药物零售价升高较明显;两年来,患者对药物的支付性明显提高。结论:基本药物制度实施后陕西省零售药店原研药品价格降低,患者的可负担性改善明显,但调研药品的可获得性却显著降低。建议:政府部门应进一步完善药品价格政策,加大对零售药店的扶持力度;零售药店提高药学服务水平,加强品牌基本药物营销力度;适当降低慢性病药物仿制药的价格,减轻慢性病患者的医疗负担;开展药品价格组分研究,防止部分药品因价格过高影响患者的可负担性。     

深圳市实施药品零加成政策对公立医院住院费用的影响

目的 评估取消药品加成政策对公立医院住院医疗费用的影响.方法 对4家公立医院实施药品零加成政策前后住院费用变化情况进行分析.结果 公立医院采取的取消药品加成和提高诊疗费的措施,已经对医疗机构的行为和医疗费用产生了影响.人均住院费用从第二季的4 830.19元下降到第三季4 613.31元.结论 取消药品加成政策已经成为公立医院改革的一部分,它已经产生积极的影响.但药品加成政策只是医疗费用高昂的一个原因,必须采取综合措施去降低医疗费用.     

Physician agency,consumerism, and the consumption of lower-limb MRI scans

We study where privately insured individuals receive planned MRI scans. Despite significant out-of-pocket costs for this undifferentiated service, privately insured patients often receive care in high-priced locations when lower priced options were available. The median patient in our data has 16 MRI providers within a 30-minute drive of her home. On average, patients bypass 6 lower-priced providers between their homes and their actual treatment locations. Referring physicians heavily influence where patients receive care. The share of the variance in the prices of patients’ MRI scans that referrer fixed effects (52 percent) explain is dramatically greater than the share explained by patient cost-sharing (< 1 percent), patient characteristics (< 1 percent), or patients’ home HRR fixed effects (2 percent). In order to access lower cost providers, patients must generally diverge from physicians’ established referral patterns.     

市场经济与卫生服务价格管理

在论述卫生服务市场的特性与卫生服务价格管理的特点,分析我国卫生服务价格及其管理的缺陷的基础上,提出了我国卫生服务价格管理的目标、原则及管理措施。     

药物经济学在医保药品谈判中的角色--以丙型肝炎直接抗病毒药物为例

目的:以参加2019年国家医保药品谈判的丙型肝炎治疗药物为例,探讨药物经济学在医保药品谈判中的作用,为医保药品目录调整和同类药品谈判提供参考。方法:通过成本效用分析和阈值分析,测算丙肝治疗药物的降价幅度并与实际降价幅度进行对比,结合具体谈判方式探讨相关影响因素。结果:2019年丙肝药品谈判采用了竞争性谈判和比价磋商谈判两种方式。竞争性谈判纳入的基因1b型药品艾尔巴韦格拉瑞韦和来迪派韦索磷布韦测算降价幅度(50.7%和32.8%)低于实际降价幅度(89.0%和89.9%),比价磋商谈判纳入的非基因1b型药品索磷布韦维帕他韦测算降价幅度(36.7%)也低于实际降价幅度(81.2%),竞争性谈判降价幅度高于比价磋商谈判。结论:药物经济学、预算影响、国际参考价格和疾病市场特征等可为谈判提供依据,优化参照选择和成本计算可提高药物经济学证据的决策利用度,但谈判起决定性作用的还是支付者意愿。竞争性谈判不宜针对创新药物,易打击企业研发积极性。     

How important is price variation between health insurers?

Prices negotiated between payers and providers affect a health insurance contract's value via enrollees’ cost-sharing and self-insured employers’ costs. However, price variation across payers is difficult to observe. We measure negotiated prices for hospital-payer pairs in Massachusetts and characterize price variation. Between-payer price variation is similar in magnitude to between-hospital price variation. Administrative-services-only contracts, in which insurers do not bear risk, have higher prices. We model negotiation incentives and show that contractual form and demand responsiveness to negotiated prices are important determinants of negotiated prices.     

Price regulation in the pharmaceutical industry: prescription or placebo?

President Clinton and several Legislators have proposed restrictions on price increases in the pharmaceutical industry similar to those on some public utilities. Studies, however, suggest that under conditions of rapidly changing demand (as found in pharmaceuticals), price-caps could be manipulated. Using simulations, we show that in reaction to regulation, pharmaceutical firms would optimally set launch prices 50 percent higher than in an unregulated market. Although initially hurt, after seven years consumers benefit as the unregulated price rises above the price-cap. Thus, before enacting legislation, Congress should assess America's willingness to pay more now for lower prices in the future.     

北京市85家二、三级公立医院心血管类原研药与仿制药利用分析

摘 要 目的：以心血管类药物为例,分析原研药和仿制药在公立医院的销售量、销售价格和销售金额,为促进仿制药的使用提供证据支持和提出政策建议。方法：从国家食品药品监督管理总局南方医药经济研究所医药数据库及北京市医药阳光采购综合管理平台提取数据,选择其中包含的北京市全部公立医院（共计85家二级和三级医院）的11种心血管类药物,分析2015年每种药物的原研药和仿制药销售量占比、销售金额占比、价格比和仿制药替代原研药的潜在费用节省率。结果：11种目标心血管类药物原研药与仿制药的平均销售金额占比分别为81.07%和18.93%;平均销售量占比分别为74.68%和25.32%;价格比在1.01~5.77之间,价格比平均值为2.09,中位数为1.61;仿制药替代原研药潜在可节省费用总计4.10亿元,费用节省率达59.21%。结论：11种目标心血管类药物的仿制药2015年在北京市二、三级公立医院中占有的市场份额很少。在公立医院中以质量和疗效有保障的仿制药替代原研药将节约大量药品费用。建议加快仿制药质量和疗效一致性评价,增强公众对仿制药质量和疗效的信心,以便尽快建立仿制药替代制度,通过医保支付配套政策鼓励仿制药的采购、处方和使用,以节省医药费用支出     

The price elasticity of opium in Taiwan, 1914–1942

Between 1895 and 1945, the Japanese colonial government virtually eliminated opium use in Taiwan by licensing and treating existing users, prohibiting sales to others, and raising the price. We evaluate these policies using a two-part model to describe the fraction of the population using opium and consumption among users, and the rational addiction model by Becker et al. (1991). We confirm that opium is addictive and find no evidence supporting the rational addiction hypothesis. Demand is price-elastic with estimated short- and long-run demand elasticities of −0.48 and −1.38. These results have implications for control of other addictive substances.