Dietary salt and blood pressure

Research evidence on the role of dietary sodium in the etiology and pathogenesis of hypertension is briefly reviewed. This matter is assuming new importance at present, given new data on the efficacy of normalization of blood pressure for adults with so-called "mild" hypertension (average diastolic 90-104 mm Hg), hence the need for safe nutritional-hygienic alternatives to years-long drug treatment for millions of people with such hypertension. Two trials by the authors deal with some unresolved questions in this area. The first, a preliminary study, involved 21 lacto-ovo-vegetarian high school students living in a boarding school. With decrease in daily Na intake from 216 to 72 meq for the experimental compared with the control group, red blood cell Na concentration was significantly lower in the former; systolic pressure was slightly but not significantly lower. The second trial, the Primary Prevention of Hypertension, involves over 200 hypertension-prone persons aged 30-44, and explores the ability in the experimental group to reduce blood pressure and prevent development of hypertension by safe nutritional-hygienic means (weight reduction, dietary Na decrease, avoidance of excess alcohol, rhythmic exercise). Initial results at 6 months are presented. Trials on the prevention and control of hypertension by nonpharmacologic means, including reduced Na intake, and involving analyses of the inter-relationships among dietary Na, other dietary factors, Na metabolism, and blood pressure in samples from different population strata, are an important present-day research need.     

龙胆斑枯病有效调控及其与药材产量和质量的相关性研究

龙胆斑枯病是龙胆栽培过程中的主要病害。本文通过田间试验及实验室研究,探讨了龙胆斑枯病的发病规律及病害对产量和质量的影响,并从农业措施、土壤与种苗处理、化学农药防治和中药防治等角度提出了有效防治措施。研究表明:黑龙江龙胆斑枯病的病原菌为Septoria mi- crospora speg．和Septoria gentianae Thum．;农学措施防治研究表明优质健壮种苗、较高的栽培密度、与高杆作物间作可有效缓解龙胆斑枯病;就有效成分而言,獐牙菜苦苷含量与病情之间无明显规律性,但龙胆苦苷含量随病情指数增加而呈现下降趋势;植物新农药防治龙胆斑枯病药效试验表明,9种中药乙醇提取物对龙胆斑枯病病菌（Septoria microspora Speg．）均有不同程度的抑制作用。     

河南省1963～2002年百日咳流行动态及控制策略分析

目的掌握河南省40年来百日咳的流行病学特征及其影响因素,为制定免疫策略和预测疫情趋势提供依据。方法对河南省不同免疫阶段的百日咳流行病学特征进行分析。结果河南省40年来共报告百日咳3 065 075例,死亡572例。大致可分4个阶段:1963~1978年,年平均发病率为293.47/10万,死亡43例;1979~1983年,年发病率为87.70/10万~17.78/10万,呈逐年下降趋势,死亡6例;1984~1990年,发病率为1.28/10万~6.73/10万,死亡1例;1990年以后发病率为0.25/10万~1.00/10万,连续10年无死亡病例。表明随着百日咳疫苗接种率的不断提高,不但大大降低了百日咳的发病率和死亡率,也改变了其流行周期。结论目前的免疫策略首先应继续做好儿童常规免疫,其次应加强百日咳疫情管理,提高疫情报告的及时性、准确性。     

试论健康价值观

健康是人类最宝贵的财富。健康价值观是指个体对健康各方面(包括生理功能、心理功能和社会功能等)的价值进行评价的稳定的内部标准和主观看法。健康价值观及其对它的测评研究有着不断完善和进取的发展过程,其结构也有着不同的划分。健康价值观受父母教养方式、文化环境、社会科技的进步、受教育程度及重大生活事件等因素的影响。对健康价值观的研究在理论上和实践应用中都有着重要的意义。     

Outcome from Complex Neurosurgery: An Evidence Based Approach

Summary ? Background. The aim of this study was to determine outcome, including quality of life, after surgery for petroclival meningioma using a standard skull base approach and to carry out an evidence based appraisal of the relevant literature.  Method. Pre- and post-operative data including adverse events were prospectively recorded in 19 patients (15 females, age range 29–63) undergoing a transpetrous approach for a petroclival meningioma. Patients were assessed using the GOS and SF-36 post operatively.  Findings. 24 operations were done. 6 patients developed a new permanent neurological deficit and 10 experienced a temporary deficit or exacerbation of existing deficits. At 1 year 15 patients had made a good/moderate recovery, 3 were severely disabled and 1 died – in keeping with other studies. By contrast the SF-36 showed that in all 8 categories of the SF-36 between 39–72% of surviving patients were functioning below the accepted norms.  Interpretation. After transpetrous excision of a petroclival meningioma the quality of life for the patient is worse than that indicated in surgeons' reported results. This paper represents an attempt to address the issue of evidence-based medicine and finds that such an approach is not apparent in the medical literature on this pathology. While we argue that methods for measuring outcome should be refined and carers input recognised it does raise certain philosophical considerations. It is the counsel of perfection and if achieved may lead to surgeons operating on fewer patients, more petroclival cases being viewed as inoperable because of the higher morbidity, despite there being an inescapable pathway to surgical intervention.     

加强预防医学研究生分会工作的分析与建议

对公卫研究生分会的工作进行调查与分析 ,结果学院领导和研究生管理部门对分会工作比较关心和支持 ;分会工作计划切实可行 ;分会干部的积极性、表率作用及组织的学术活动较好。但对分会组织的文体活动不够满意。建议 :增设公卫研究生分会活动基金 ;举办人文知识讲座 ;邀请知名的研究生导师作专题学术报告 ;增加活动场地和改善体育设施 ;组织活泼多样的文体活动 ,尤其是英语口语活动     

兰州市小学生安全教育近期效果评价

目的评价儿童安全教育近期效果,为提高儿童安全意识、减少突发事件的发生及突发事件对儿童的伤害提供依据.方法对3所小学三～五年级(9～11岁)的小学生采取3种不同方式的安全教育,并在教育前后采用自制儿童安全知识问卷进行调查,评价安全教育的近期效果.结果接受安全教育后,学生的安全知识水平和安全意识普遍有所提高,答卷成绩的提高与平时学习成绩有关,而基本不受是否独生子女、父母文化程度、父母职业等因素影响.结论安全教育是提高儿童安全知识水平和安全意识行之有效的措施.     

某高校教职工健康状况调查

目的　了解我校教职工健康状况和疾病谱特征 ,为制定预防措施提供依据。方法　对 1 75 2名教职工健康检查数据进行统计分析。结果　我校教职工平均患病率为 88.30 % ,患病率随年龄增长而上升。高脂血症患病率最高 ,占 4 5 .89%。结论　加强高校保健服务 ,开展针对教职工的健康教育 ,是今后高校卫生保健工作的重要内容     

太原市家蝇抗性水平及防制策略

目的　采取综合治理措施 ,提高灭蝇效果。方法　用点滴法测定家蝇对常用杀虫剂的抗性变化。结果太原市家蝇 2 0 0 3年对溴氰菊酯、敌敌畏抗性属中抗水平 ,LD50 分别为 0 .0 2 3 2、0 .1188μg/只 ;对二氯苯醚菊酯和氯氰菊酯的抗性属低抗水平 ,LD50 分别为 0 .0 0 69、0 .0 0 99μg/只 。结论　开展综合防制 ,以科学的方法合理使用杀虫剂 ,延缓抗性的发生和发展。     

濮阳市控烟措施的效果评价研究

目的评价濮阳市控烟措施实施的效果,并探索一套控烟效果的评价指标。方法采用多阶段随机抽样的方法,共调查1551名15岁以上城区居民,另外收集有关资料。结果烟草销售量下降熏2001年销售量比1993年下降22.5%。总人群现在吸烟率为20.8%,比1996年全国水平低14.5个百分点(P<0.01);戒烟率为14.2%,比1996年全国高4.8个百分点(P<0.01);被动吸烟率为39.0%,比1996年全国水平低14.5个百分点(P<0.01);吸烟有关知识知晓率显著提高(P<0.01)。社会风气好转。多因素分析表明,人群吸烟行为的改变与控烟措施有关。结论控烟措施有效地改变了人群的吸烟行为。但是女性的吸烟问题没有得到有效遏制。评价方法和指标是可行的,有效的。