医患沟通的叙事转向与医学生医学叙事能力的培养

生物－心理－社会医学模式下有效的医疗实务需要医生具备叙事和沟通能力。叙事逐步应用于医学实践和研究,促成了叙事研究方法与医学的结合。“叙事医学”推动了医患沟通研究的叙事转向,也为医学人文教育提供了新的视角。在医患沟通过程中,医生叙事能力的合理运用,有助于实现医患之间的有效沟通,构建和谐医患关系。在医学教育中,应通过课堂教学和临床见习带教两种途径相结合的教学策略培养和提高医学生的医学叙事能力。     

Home-based record prevalence among children aged 12–23 months from 180 demographic and health surveys

BackgroundThere is currently a re-focus at the global level on the importance of the home-based record within vaccination service delivery as an important information resource but there are few reports of ever and current home-based record prevalence across countries.MethodsWe considered all Demographic and Health Surveys (starting with DHS round 3) conducted between 1993 and 2013 for which a final dataset was available in the public domain at the time of the analysis. Ever and current prevalence of home-based records for recording vaccination was estimated for children aged 12–23 months at the time of the survey through a secondary analysis of data from 180 Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in 67 countries derived from questions asked of women aged 15–49 years for their children on home-based record availability and retention. Ever home-based record prevalence is the proportion of children aged 12–23 months who have ever received a home-based record. Current home-based record prevalence is the proportion of children aged 12–23 months for whom a home-based record was available for viewing by the surveyor at the time of the survey.ResultsEstimated ever home-based record prevalence was ≥90% in 116 surveys from 52 countries and was <70% in 15 surveys from 7 countries. Estimated current home-based record prevalence was ≥80% in 31 surveys from 23 countries and was <50% in 51 surveys from 24 countries. Current home-based record prevalence was <80% as of the most recent survey during 2010–2013 for five (Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Indonesia and Pakistan) of the ten countries with the largest birth cohorts globally. Among 34 countries that conducted three or more DHS, we observed improvements in both ever and current home-based record prevalence of >10% points in six countries. Current home-based record prevalence increased >10% points in six countries where the ever prevalence was maintained at ≥90% across the period of observation. And, no meaningful change was observed in estimated ever and current home-based record prevalence in 11 countries, five of which maintained ever prevalence ≥90% across the period of observation. High home-based record loss rates were observed in many countries.ConclusionsThe results here show that despite improvements in the availability, utilization and retention of home-based records for recording vaccination history in some countries, opportunities remain to change the mind-set in many national immunization programmes around the importance of the home-based record, particularly in countries with large birth cohorts. Immunization programmes are encouraged to monitor ever and current home-based record prevalence. Nationally representative household surveys collecting information on immunization coverage should include ever and current home-based record prevalence in the standard survey reports and tables to better enable programme managers to identify problems and target corrective action.     

增强现实技术与医药高等职业教育

增强现实技术作为新兴的技术在诸多领域有所应用,且逐渐受到关注。论文关注了增强现实（AR）技术在医药高等职业教育领域的应用前景,从的两者的契合度,AR技术可能的应用方向,存在的瓶颈和问题三个方面展望了AR技术给医药高等职业教育带来的机遇和问题。AR技术必将给医药高等职业教育发展与深化改革带来技术红利和技术保障。医药高等职业院校需积极转变思路、整合资源、培养开发人才,真正使得AR技术走进课堂。     

Biological,psychological and social processes that explain celebrities’ influence on patients’ health-related behaviors

Background

Celebrities can have substantial influence as medical advisors. However, their impact on public health is equivocal: depending on the advice’s validity and applicability, celebrity engagements can benefit or hinder efforts to educate patients on evidence-based practices and improve their health literacy. This meta-narrative analysis synthesizes multiple disciplinary insights explaining the influence celebrities have on people’s health-related behaviors.

Methods

Systematic searches of electronic databases BusinessSource Complete, Communication & Mass Media Complete, Humanities Abstracts, ProQuest Political Science, PsycINFO, PubMed, and Sociology Abstracts were conducted. Retrieved articles were used to inform a conceptual analysis of the possible processes accounting for the substantial influence celebrities may have as medical advisors.

Results

Fourteen mechanisms of celebrity influence were identified. According to the economics literature, celebrities distinguish endorsed items from competitors and can catalyze herd behavior. Marketing studies tell us that celebrities’ characteristics are transferred to endorsed products, and that the most successful celebrity advisors are those viewed as credible, a perception they can create with their success. Neuroscience research supports these explanations, finding that celebrity endorsements activate brain regions involved in making positive associations, building trust and encoding memories. The psychology literature tells us that celebrity advice conditions people to react positively toward it. People are also inclined to follow celebrities if the advice matches their self-conceptions or if not following it would generate cognitive dissonance. Sociology explains how celebrities’ advice spreads through social networks, how their influence is a manifestation of people’s desire to acquire celebrities’ social capital, and how they affect the ways people acquire and interpret health information.

Conclusion

There are clear and deeply rooted biological, psychological and social processes that explain how celebrities influence people’s health behaviors. With a better understanding of this phenomenon, medical professionals can work to ensure that it is harnessed for good rather than abused for harm. Physicians can discuss with their patients the validity of celebrity advice and share more credible sources of health information. Public health practitioners can debunk celebrities offering unsubstantiated advice or receiving inappropriate financial compensation, and should collaborate with well-meaning celebrities, leveraging their influence to disseminate medical practices of demonstrated benefit.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2049-3258-73-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

我国公立医院医疗服务支付制度改革进展及存在问题探讨

在梳理我国公立医院医疗服务支付制度历史沿革、主要改革做法及成效的基础上,重点分析改革中存在的支付标准不够科学合理、支付制度改革缺乏系统性和联动性、医务人员参与改革的积极性未能充分调动等问题及深层次的制度原因,进而提出推进我国公立医院医疗服务支付制度改革的政策建议,包括谈判确定支付标准,创新支付方式改革的“组合拳”,逐步推进支付制度改革系统工程,建立支付制度改革激励作用的传动机制.     

Essential Medicines: An Indian Perspective

The concept of defining essential medicines and establishing a list of them was aimed to improve the availability of affordable medicines for the world''s poor. Access to essential medicines is a major determinant of health outcomes. Several countries have made substantial progress towards increasing access to essential medicines, but access to essential medicines in developing countries like India is not adequate. In this review we have tried to present the Indian scenario in respect to availability and accessibility of essential medicines over last one decade. To enhance the credibility of Indian healthcare system, procurement and delivery systems of essential medicines have to be strengthened through government commitment, careful selection, adequate public sector financing, efficient distribution systems, control on taxes and duties, and inculcating a culture of rational use of medicines in current and future prescribers.     

海军基层军医素质构成与规范化培训需求调查研究

目的了解海军基层军医素质构成现状与规范化培训需求情况,为针对性开展基层军医规范化培训提供依据。方法选择海军某舰队基层军医为调查对象进行问卷调查,调查结果使用软件建立数据库并行统计学分析。结果海军基层军医以"医学专业操作技能"不能满足程度最高;工作能力、工作成绩、工作环境综合评分(7.97±1.55)处在中等水平;海军基层军医日常工作量较低,处置病种以上呼吸道感染、外伤和训练伤、皮肤病等为多见,心脑血管疾病、传染性疾病、消化系统疾病等规范诊治技术、海军基层部队配发仪器设备使用技能等亟待提高;71.13%海军基层军医认为非常有必要开展基层军医规范化培训,规范化培训适宜周期为1年,着重于临床分析和解决问题的能力培养(80.06%)、基本技能、动手能力的培养(67.56%)、综合知识面的拓展(56.55%)。结论海军基层军医素质能力相对薄弱,规范化培训现实需求迫切,建议科学设计其培养使用和管理机制,合理安排培训时间,优化规范化培训项目,逐步完善海军基层军医规范化培训体系建设,提高一线卫勤保障能力。     

龙江医派名医陈景河治疗血瘀证用药规律分析

目的：分析龙江医派名医陈景河治疗血瘀证的用药规律。方法收集、整理龙江医派名医陈景河在齐齐哈尔中医院门诊治疗血瘀证的中药方剂,建立数据库,利用统计学方法对用药情况进行统计分析。结果整理治疗血瘀证的中药方剂50首,涉及中药194种,用药总频数为610次。结论核心单味药依次为川芎、当归、黄芪、丹参、乳香、没药、党参、红花、白芍等;治疗血瘀证以活血化瘀药、补虚药、清热药、解表药等为主要功效的药物为主;药性以温、寒、平为主;药味以苦、辛、甘为主;归经以肝、脾、心、肺、肾为主。