一次性橡胶手套在呼吸功能锻炼中的应用

吹气球运动可以锻炼患者呼吸肌肉和增加肺活量,2010年开始,我科应用一次性手术橡胶手套代替气球对患者进行呼吸功能锻炼,取得较好效果,现将经验介绍如下. 1 材料与方法 取用一次性手术橡胶手套一支,指导患者取坐位或立位,做吹大手套运动,先深吸一口气,然后尽力将肺内气体吹入手套内,手套吹大后,放气休息一会儿,再开始吹,每日2次,每次10～20 min.     

Publication trends in obstructive sleep apnea: Evidence of need for more evidence

ObjectivePublished research in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) appears limited despite OSA being a highly prevalent adult and pediatric disease leading to many adverse outcomes if left untreated. We aimed to quantify the deficit in OSA scientific literature in order to provide a novel way of identifying gaps in knowledge and a need for further research inquiry.MethodsThis was a Bibliometric analysis study. Using Ovid Medline database we analyzed and compared research output (medical and surgical) between adult OSA and similarly prevalent chronic conditions (Type II diabetes (T2DM), coronary artery disease (CAD) and osteoarthritis (OA)) from December 2016 up to fifty years prior. Linear graphs were utilized to trend collected data. Utilizing same strategy, we compared publication trends for pediatric OSA to asthma and gastroesophageal reflux (GER).ResultsAdult OSA publications (n = 9314) were significantly underrepresented when compared to T2DM (n = 66,023), CAD (n = 31,526) and OA (n = 34,123). Linear plots demonstrated that despite increasing number of publications this disparity persisted annually. Surgical literature composed 10.4% (n = 972) of adult OSA publications and reached a plateau in the last ten years. Pediatric OSA (n = 2994) had less research output when compared to asthma (n = 47,442) and GER (n = 6705). However, over past five years pediatric OSA surpassed GER in annual number of publications. Surgical literature represented 23.1% (n = 693) of pediatric OSA publications and continued increasing over past ten years. Study methodologies for both adult and pediatric OSA showed a lack of randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses in comparison to other diseases.ConclusionOur review shows substantial deficit in total, annual and surgical adult OSA published research compared to similarly prevalent diseases. This trend is not entirely observed in pediatric OSA literature.     

Sleep-disordered breathing in alcoholics

Sleep apnea and related disorders contribute to disturbed sleep in abstinent alcoholics. In an earlier report from our group, sleep-disordered breathing was common and increased with age in a cohort of 75 abstinent alcoholics. We now report an extension of the previous work that includes studies of an additional 103 abstinent alcoholics undergoing treatment for alcoholism (total sample = 188) and a comparison group of 87 normal subjects. The presence and severity of sleep-disordered breathing was assessed with polysomnography. Among the alcoholics, sleep-disordered breathing (defined as 10 or more apneas plus hypopneas per hour of sleep) was present in 3% of 91 subjects under age 40, 17% of 83 subjects age 40 to 59, and 50% of 14 subjects age 60 or over. Subjects with sleep-disordered breathing were more likely to be male and had more severe sleep disruption and nocturnal hypoxemia and more complaints related to daytime sleepiness than subjects without sleep-disordered breathing. In a multiple linear regression analysis, age and body mass index were significant predictors of the presence of sleep-disordered breathing, whereas smoking history and duration of heavy drinking were not predictors after controlling for the effects of age and body mass index. Our findings suggest that sleep-disordered breathing contributes significantly to sleep disturbance in a substantial proportion of older alcoholics and that symptomatic sleep-disordered breathing increases with age in alcoholics. Sleep-disordered breathing, when combined with existing cardiovascular risk factors, may contribute to adverse health consequences in alcoholics.     

应用自行研制的运动模体研究呼吸状态改变对立体定向门控放疗的影响

目的 评价患者呼吸状态的改变对实时位置监测系统(RPM)引导下自由呼吸立体定向门控放疗影响。方法 通过自行研制运动模体模拟患者治疗过程中出现基线偏移,呼吸频率改变,呼气末延时、吸气末延时,以及不规则呼吸情况,并分析三维适形、固定野动态调强、单弧旋转调强3组计划各状态变化与模体中心小球位置(L)及电离室受照剂量的相关性。结果 自研模体的摆位重复性和测量稳定性良好。L与基线偏移呈现正相关(r=0.99,P＜0.01)。基线偏移小于摆位误差时,剂量变化在4%以内,相对较小,超出后受照剂量快速下降并呈现负相关(r= -0.95,P＜0.01),偏移超出与不超出摆位误差时所测得的受照剂量,差异具有统计学意义(Z= -3.06,P<0.01)。3组计划受基线偏移的影响率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。呼吸频率改变对 L 和剂量影响较小。吸气末延迟和呼气末延迟都导致3组计划剂量下降,最大达-1.74%,同时吸气末延迟相对呼气末延迟影响更大,差异具有统计学意义(Z= -2.67,P<0.01),但延迟时间长短对剂量的影响率没有明显相关性(P＞0.05),3组计划受波形改变的影响率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。不规则呼吸对剂量影响较大,3组计划重复测量6次受照剂量分别为三维适形(709.68±180.00)cGy;固定野动态调强(751.40±127.16)cGy;单弧旋转调强(750.00±185.60)cGy,均小于处方剂量,一致性欠佳。结论 患者呼吸状态改变会导致剂量下降,基线偏移超出摆位误差阈值或者波形变异较大出现不规则呼吸时更甚,且与放疗技术不相关。     

呼吸模式干预对吸吮-吞咽-呼吸协调障碍早产儿经口喂养表现的影响

目的 观察呼吸模式干预对吸吮-吞咽-呼吸（SSwB）协调障碍早产儿经口喂养表现的影响。 方法 选取符合入选和排除标准的SSwB协调障碍早产儿60例,按随机数字表法分为观察组（30例）和对照组（30例）。对照组早产儿采取常规喂养训练,包括口腔运动干预、非营养性吸吮训练和喂奶过程中的吞咽诱导训练等。观察组在常规喂养训练的基础上增加呼吸模式干预训练,包括呼吸模式观察、进食前呼吸抗阻训练和进食过程中的呼吸干预,每日训练1次,每次训练15 min。治疗前和治疗1周后（治疗后）,观察并记录2组患儿的经口喂养准备量表（PIOFRA）评分、吮奶速率、喂养成效、血氧饱和度最低值和波动次数,并对所得数据进行统计学分析。 结果 治疗后,2组患儿各项评价指标均较组内治疗前均显著改善,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）;且观察组患儿的PIOFRA评分、吸吮速率、喂养成效、血氧饱和度最低值、血氧饱和度波动次数分别为(33.28±0.58)分、（2.76±0.36）ml/min、(73.85±6.49)%、（85.46±5.31）%、(2.04±1.28)次,均显著优于对照组治疗后,组间差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论 在常规康复干预的基础上辅以呼吸模式干预,可在较短时间内改善SSwB协调障碍早产儿吞咽过程中的呼吸协调性,可有效地改善早产儿的经口喂养表现。     

拉玛泽呼吸减痛分娩法对产妇分娩疼痛及妊娠结局的影响

目的：探讨拉玛泽呼吸减痛分娩法对产妇分娩疼痛及妊娠结局的影响。方法：选取2012年8月至2014年1月在本院产检建卡的初产妇400例为研究对象,随机将产妇分为观察组及对照组,观察组产前接受拉玛泽分娩法学习,对照组产前行常规健康教育,并于分娩前后应用焦虑自评表（ SAS）以及抑郁自评表（ SDS）对两组患者心理状况进行评价,对比分析两组分娩疼痛程度、产程进展、分娩方式、APgar评分、产后出血、产后泌乳量、血性恶露持续时间。结果：与护理前相比,观察组护理后SAS、SDS评分显著下降（ P＜0．05）,而对照组护理前后SAS、SDS评分无变化（ P＞0．05）。观察组分娩疼痛等级、新生儿APgar评分等级与对照组相比,差异有统计学意义（ P＜0．05）。观察组剖宫产率、产后出血率显著低于对照组,第1产程、第2产程、总产程及血性恶露持续时间显著少于对照组,产后泌乳量与对照组相比增多,差异有统计学意义（ P＜0．05）。结论：产前运用拉玛泽呼吸减痛分娩法对产妇进行护理能有效缓解产妇焦虑情绪,减轻产妇分娩疼痛,缩短分娩时间,降低剖宫产率。     

Impaired hypoxic ventilatory response following neonatal sustained and subsequent chronic intermittent hypoxia in rats

Neonatal chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) enhances the ventilatory sensitivity to acute hypoxia (acute hypoxic ventilatory response, HVR), whereas sustained hypoxia (SH) can have the opposite effect. Therefore, we investigated whether neonatal rats pre-treated with SH prior to CIH exhibit a modified HVR. Rat pups were exposed to CIH (5% O₂/5 min, 8 h/day) between 6 and 15 days of postnatal age (P6-15) after pre-treatment with either normoxia or SH (11% O₂; P1-5). Using whole-body plethysmography, the acute (5 min, 10% O₂) HVR at P16 (1 day post-CIH) was unchanged following CIH (67.9 ± 6.7% above baseline) and also SH (58.8 ± 10.5%) compared to age-matched normoxic rats (54.7 ± 6.3%). In contrast, the HVR was attenuated (16.5 ± 6.0%) in CIH exposed rats pre-treated with SH. These data suggest that while neonatal SH and CIH alone have little effect on the magnitude of the acute HVR, their combined effects impose a synergistic disturbance to postnatal development of the HVR. These data could provide important insight into the consequences of not maintaining adequate levels of oxygen saturation during the early neonatal period, especially in vulnerable preterm infants susceptible to frequent bouts of hypoxemic events (CIH) that are commonly associated with apnea of prematurity.     

Fast oscillations during gasping and other non-eupneic respiratory behaviors: Clues to central pattern generation

The mammalian nervous system exhibits fast synchronous oscillations, which are especially prominent in respiratory-related nerve discharges. In the phrenic nerve, they include high- (HFO), medium- (MFO), and low-frequency (LFO) oscillations. Because motoneurons firing at HFO-related frequencies had never been recorded, an epiphenomenological mechanism for their existence had been posited. We have recently recorded phrenic motoneurons firing at HFO-related frequencies in unanesthetized decerebrate rats and showed that they exhibit dynamic coherence with the phrenic nerve, validating synchronous motoneuronal discharge as a mechanism underlying the generation of HFO. In so doing, we have helped validate the conclusions of previous studies by us and other investigators who have used changes in fast respiratory oscillations to make inferences about central respiratory pattern generation. Here, we seek to review changes occurring in fast synchronous oscillations during non-eupneic respiratory behaviors, with special emphasis on gasping, and the inferences that can be drawn from these dynamics regarding respiratory pattern formation.     

引起慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期精神神经症状原因及预防对策

目的探讨引起慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期精神神经症状原因及预防对策。方法回顾性分析2002年1月～2011年10月慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重患者的临床资料,根据动脉血气分析、电解质、头颅CT检查及治疗结果综合分析引起精神神经症状原因。结果 310例慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者合并精神神经症状40例(12.90%,40/310);肺性脑病22例(55.00%);低渗性脑病10例(25.00%);药物不良反应5例(12.50%);脑梗死3例(7.50%)。结论慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期精神神经症状发生率较高,原因多样,应该进行鉴别诊断,实施针对性预防对策避免或减少其他发生。     

聆听音乐及呼吸训练缓解腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者不良反应的效果

【摘要】 目的 观察聆听音乐及呼吸训练在缓解腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者不良反应的效果。方法 选择腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者80例,按随机数字表法随机分为干预组和对照组各40例。对照组术后常规中流量吸氧并协助早期下床活动,干预组在对照组处理的基础上给予聆听音乐及呼吸训练,采用视觉模拟评分(VAS)评估患者的疼痛开始时间及疼痛初始、术后12 h、术后24 h及术后48 h的疼痛程度,观察患者不良反应发生率。结果 干预组患者疼痛开始时间较对照组明显延迟,疼痛初始、术后12 h、术后24 h及术后48 h的疼痛程度较对照组明显减轻,两者相比较(P<0.001),差异有统计学意义。患者不良反应的发生率较对照组明显减少,两者相比较(P<0.05),差异有统计学意义。结论 聆听音乐及呼吸训练有利于缓解全麻下腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者的术后疼痛及不良反应,提高患者舒适度。