Diarrhea Predominant-Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS-D): Effects of Different Nutritional Patterns on Intestinal Dysbiosis and Symptoms

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a chronic functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain associated with defecation or a change in bowel habits. Gut microbiota, which acts as a real organ with well-defined functions, is in a mutualistic relationship with the host, harvesting additional energy and nutrients from the diet and protecting the host from pathogens; specific alterations in its composition seem to play a crucial role in IBS pathophysiology. It is well known that diet can significantly modulate the intestinal microbiota profile but it is less known how different nutritional approach effective in IBS patients, such as the low-FODMAP diet, could be responsible of intestinal microbiota changes, thus influencing the presence of gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. The aim of this review was to explore the effects of different nutritional protocols (e.g., traditional nutritional advice, low-FODMAP diet, gluten-free diet, etc.) on IBS-D symptoms and on intestinal microbiota variations in both IBS-D patients and healthy subjects. To date, an ideal nutritional protocol does not exist for IBS-D patients but it seems crucial to consider the effect of the different nutritional approaches on the intestinal microbiota composition to better define an efficient strategy to manage this functional disorder.     

Gut Microbiota Prevents Sugar Alcohol-Induced Diarrhea

While poorly-absorbed sugar alcohols such as sorbitol are widely used as sweeteners, they may induce diarrhea in some individuals. However, the factors which determine an individual’s susceptibility to sugar alcohol-induced diarrhea remain unknown. Here, we show that specific gut bacteria are involved in the suppression of sorbitol-induced diarrhea. Based on 16S rDNA analysis, the abundance of Enterobacteriaceae bacteria increased in response to sorbitol consumption. We found that Escherichia coli of the family Enterobacteriaceae degraded sorbitol and suppressed sorbitol-induced diarrhea. Finally, we showed that the metabolism of sorbitol by the E. coli sugar phosphotransferase system helped suppress sorbitol-induced diarrhea. Therefore, gut microbiota prevented sugar alcohol-induced diarrhea by degrading sorbitol in the gut. The identification of the gut bacteria which respond to and degrade sugar alcohols in the intestine has implications for microbiome science, processed food science, and public health.     

2015—2020年湖南省感染性腹泻病原学及分子流行病学特征分析

目的 了解湖南省感染性腹泻的病原谱,追踪其分子流行病学演变趋势,为感染性腹泻的综合防治提供科学依据。 方法 通过哨点监测结合暴发疫情监测的方法,收集2015—2020年湖南省感染性腹泻标本,对细菌病原采用细菌培养、生化鉴定进行检测;对病毒病原采用分子生物学方法进行分型鉴定,并对部分PCR阳性标本进行序列测定。 结果 哨点医院主动监测的总阳性率为35.61%,病毒检出率20.26%高于细菌检出率11.26%,混合病原感染检出率为4.09%。细菌病原谱以沙门菌O∶4群鼠伤寒型为主,病毒病原谱以轮状病毒A组G9P[8]型和诺如病毒GⅡ.4Sydney[P31]型感染为主。不同监测、不同年份的病原谱构成及其基因型变迁规律各不相同:哨点医院监测细菌阳性率低而病毒阳性率高时,诺如暴发疫情随之增加;暴发疫情中诺如病毒感染为86.78%,其中69.43%为GⅡ型感染,12.42%为GⅠ型感染,混合感染占3.03%。诺如病毒暴发疫情具有明显季节性,优势基因型为GⅡ.2[P16]占42.97%。 结论 2015—2020年湖南省感染性腹泻病毒类病原体高于细菌类,鼠伤寒沙门菌、A组轮状病毒G9P[8]和诺如病毒GⅡ.4 Sydney [P31]是最主要的病原体和优势血清/基因型;GⅡ.2 [P16]是诺如病毒暴发流行的优势基因型;通过连续哨点监测的数据支持,提前为暴发疫情做好了防控,促成了湖南省感染性腹泻发病率的平稳下降。     

益元止泻颗粒对脾虚泄泻小鼠肠道菌群的影响

目的 探讨以四君子汤加味研制而成的益元止泻颗粒治疗脾虚泄泻的作用机制。方法 观察益元止泻颗粒对大黄煎剂所致脾虚泄泻小鼠肠道菌群的影响。结果 益元止泻颗粒对实验性脾虚泄泻小鼠的肠道菌群有调节作用,能增加有益菌如双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌的数量。结论 益元止泻颗粒能调节肠道微生态平衡,从而对脾虚泄泻的恢复有重要影响。     

云南白药敷脐治疗婴幼儿腹泻及护理

目的　探索治疗婴幼儿腹泻简便易行又安全有效的方法及适当的护理措施。方法　随机将 62例腹泻患儿分为治疗组 32例和对照组 30例 ,治疗组用云南白药敷脐法 ,对照组用常规治疗 (给予补液 ,抗菌治疗等 )。结果　总有效率治疗组为 80 % ,对照组为 4 6.88% ,两组比较差异有显著性 ,χ2 =6.62 ,P <0 .0 5。结论　云南白药敷脐治疗婴幼儿腹泻方法简便 ,疗效确切 ,易被患儿接受     

急性坏死性胰腺炎继发细菌感染的早期诊断

目的：探讨针对细菌16srRNA基因的通用引物聚合酶链反应（PCR）技术诊断急性坏死性胰腺炎继发感染的价值。方法：采用PCR检测急性坏死性胰腺炎患者的胰周渗液和坏死组织,并与常规培养结果作比较。结果：43份胰周渗液PCR检测阳性40份,阴性3份,而培养阳性39份,阴性4份;5份坏死组织PCR阳性4份,阴性1份,而培养阳性4份,阴性1份,PCR检测需时间仅4h。结论：该PCR方法可快速、敏感地诊断急性坏死性胰腺炎继发细菌感染。     

神经内科患者难辨梭菌感染的报告

目的:了解住院老年病人难辨梭菌小区域暴发流行的情况。方法:对我院神经内科一起暴发流行难辨梭状芽胞杆菌相关性腹泻(CDAD)的5例老年患者进行回顾调查。结果5例难辨梭状芽胞杆菌相关性腹泻的病人占同期神经内科住院病人的3.57％(5/140);其中轻型1例,重型1例,暴发型3例;痊愈3例,死亡2例。结论:①老年住院患者、抗生素使用及严重的基础疾病、气管切开和胃管进食是导致难辨梭菌感染的高危因素。②区域性丛集分布的患病人群提示有外源性交叉感染的可能。③暴发型难辨梭状芽胞杆菌感染病情进展迅猛,并发症严重,预后极差。     

山西省1992年—1999年临床细菌检验质量评价活动总结

本文报告了山西省92—99年细菌室间质评的鉴定情况,结果表明,肠菌科鉴定正确率为62.9％;非发酵菌鉴定正确率为54.1％;革兰氏阳性球菌鉴定正确率为77％;弧菌科鉴定正确率为61—85％。     

How to improve donor skin availability: Pragmatic procedures to minimize the discard rate of cryopreserved allografts in skin banking

BackgroundMicrobial contamination of human skin allografts is a frequent cause of allograft discard. Our purpose was to evaluate the discard rate of skin bank contaminated allografts and specific procedures used to reduce allograft contamination without affecting safety.MethodsWe conducted at the Lille Tissue Bank a retrospective study of all deceased donors (n = 104) harvested from January 2018 to December 2018. Skin procurement was split into 3 zones: the back of the body and the two legs that were processed separately. It represented 433 cryopreserved skin allograft pouches of approximatively 500 cm² each. Donors were almost equally split between brain-dead (53%, 55/104) and cadaveric (47%, 49/104) donors.ResultsOut of all donors, 42 (40.5%) had at least one sampling zone with a positive microbiological test resulting in 106 (24%) contaminated skin pouches. The contamination rate did not vary according to the harvested zone or type of donor. Traumatic deaths showed significantly less contamination rates than other death types (p < 0.05). Contamination rate decreased with time spent in the antibiotic solution. The risk of having contaminated allografts was five-fold higher when the skin spent less than 96 h in the antibiotic cocktail (p < 0.05). According to our validation protocol, most donors (32/42, 76%) had skin allografts contaminated with bacteria (mainly Staphylococcus spp) compatible with clinical use. No recipient infection was recorded as a result of skin graft contaminated with saprophytic or non-pathogenic germs. By harvesting 3 separate zones per donor, the total surface area for clinical use increased by 53% for contaminated donors. Overall, the proportion of contamination-related discarded allografts was 3.2% (14/433 of pouches).ConclusionFew simple pragmatic measures (including skin incubation in the antibiotic bath for at least 96 h at 4 °C, splitting the skin harvesting areas to minimize the risk of cross-infection and clinical use of allografts contaminated with saprophytic and non-pathogenic germs) can reduce the discard rate of contaminated allografts without affecting clinical safety.     

Toxic Clostridioides (formerly Clostridium) difficile colitis: No longer a diarrhea associated infection

BackgroundClostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is traditionally taught to be an antibiotic associated diarrheal infection. This diagnosis is based on the presence of clinical symptoms (usually defined as more than 3 watery, loose or unformed stool within 24 h) coupled with a diagnostic test. There is now a new presentation of CDI, including progression to toxic megacolon, in patients without diarrhea.MethodsWe report a case series of 9 surgical patients from a single institution who developed CDI without preceding diarrhea.ResultAll 9 patients had CDI with positive laboratory testing for C. difficile toxin. They, however, presented with a lack of or minimal bowel movements. Six patients had rapid development of abdominal distention, 1 patient had a single episode of watery stool in 3 days, while the other 2 patients presented with constipation. Seven patients received stool softeners, suppositories and/or enemas for presumed constipation. Four patients had a mild course of infection and were successfully treated medically. The other 5 patients developed toxic megacolon, and eventually required total abdominal colectomy. Out of the 5 patients that required total colectomy, 2 expired.ConclusionCDI must be suspected in patients who rapidly develop abdominal distention, vague abdominal complaints or change in bowel function even in the absence of diarrhea, especially if coupled with multi-system organ failure.