不同型号动脉血气针采集血气标本的效果比较

目的探讨两种不同型号的动脉血气针对动脉血气标本采集效果的影响。方法采用自身配对设计，观察组使用25G针头的1ml动脉血气针，对照组使用22G针头的3ml动脉血气针，比较两组一次穿刺成功率、皮下瘀血、血肿、操作时间及标本采集量等指标。结果观察组一次穿刺成功率较对照组略低，操作时间稍长，但差异均无显著意义（P均〉0．05）；观察组皮下瘀血、血肿发生率少于对照组，差异有显著意义（P均〈0．05）；观察组采集的平均标本血量为（0.74±0．15）ml，明显少于对照组采集的平均标本血量（1．35±0．33）ml，差异有显著意义（P〈0.01）。结论25G针头的1ml动脉血气针能够有效减少血气标本采集对患者造成的影响及损害，适宜在重症患者中推广使用。     

介绍一种应用于椎间融合植骨的简易方法

正2012年3月至今,我们在临床中不断探索尝试,将1 ml无菌注射器经过适当修剪,作为椎间植骨工具,可以将植骨颗粒准确高效地推送入椎间植骨位置,报道如下。1材料与方法在无菌手术器械台上,取5~6个1ml无菌注射器,用手术刀将无菌注射器针筒于0~0.1 ml刻度处切开一小斜面,针筒头端成一椭圆形开口(见图1);     

无针注射器和胰岛素笔注射胰岛素降糖疗效和安全性的Meta分析

目的：系统评估应用无针注射器与胰岛素笔注射胰岛素降糖的疗效和安全性。方法：按照纳入和排除标准,计算机检索无针注射器与胰岛素笔的前瞻性队列研究文献。对所纳入文献进行质量评价及提取资料后,采用Rev Man 5.3软件进行Meta分析。结果：根据纳入排除标准共纳入8篇符合标准的文献,包括466例患者,8项研究NOS评分均大于8分。Meta分析的结果表明,在降低HbA1c水平方面无针注射器组优于胰岛素笔组[MD=-1.05,95% CI（-1.88,-0.22）,P=0.01];在降低FBG、早餐后2 h BG和2 h PG方面,无针注射器组显著优于胰岛素笔组[MD=-1.37,95% CI（-1.82,-0.92）,P<0.00001;MD=-1.14,95% CI（-1.49,-0.78）,P<0.00001;MD=-2.26,95% CI（-3.04,-1.48）,P<0.000 01]。在安全性方面,低血糖发生率、注射后疼痛和出血/瘀斑发生率,无针注射器组和胰岛素笔组比较差异无统计学意义[RR=0.30,95% CI（0.08,1.06）,P=0.06;RR=0.33,95% CI（0.07,1.58）,P=0.17;RR=0.39,95% CI（0.01,19.86）,P=0.64],但注射后发生红肿硬结的发生率,无针注射器组少于胰岛素笔组[RR=0.26,95% CI（0.08,0.82）,P=0.02]。结论：用无针注射器注射胰岛素可以提高疗效,减少红肿硬结的发生。     

Priorities and recommended actions for how researchers,practitioners, policy makers,and the affected community can work together to improve access to hepatitis C care for people who use drugs

It is estimated that 6.1 million people with recent injecting drug use (PWID) are living with hepatitis C virus (HCV). Although HCV-related morbidity and mortality among PWID continues to increase, the advent of direct acting antiviral (DAA) HCV regimens with cure rates >95% provides an opportunity to reverse the rising burden of disease. Additionally, given evidence that opioid substitution therapy and high-coverage needle and syringe programs can reduce HCV incidence by up to 80%, there is an opportunity to reduce HCV transmission with increased coverage of harm reduction services. However, there are significant patient, provider, health system, structural, and societal barriers that impede access to HCV prevention and care for PWID. The International Network on Hepatitis in Substance Users (INHSU), in collaboration with the Australasian Society for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, Sexual Health Medicine (ASHM), Harm Reduction International, the Canadian Network on Hepatitis C, Canadian Research Initiative in Substance Misuse, the National Viral Hepatitis Roundtable, Médecins du Monde and CATIE, held a roundtable discussion prior to the Harm Reduction Conference in Montreal, Canada on 13th May 2017 to discuss how to improve HCV prevention and care for PWID. Over 100 international researchers, practitioners, policy makers, advocates, and affected community members came together to discuss shared priorities for action, develop actionable next steps and to create partnerships to enable application of priorities. This paper highlights the key priority areas identified by participants including: enhancing global coverage of harm reduction services; addressing punitive drug policies; ensuring access to affordable HCV diagnostics and treatment; improving the evidence-base for HCV prevention, testing, linkage to care and treatment; implementing integrated HCV programs; advancing peer-based models of HCV care; and tackling social determinants of health inequalities for PWID. This paper also highlights the recommended actions for each priority identified by the participants from this roundtable.     

Prevention of transmission of resistant bacteria between periodontal sites during subgingival application of antibiotics

Abstract This study was designed to investigate whether antibiotic resistant micro-organisms are able to contaminate and survive on syringe tips used for subgingival deposition of antibiotics, and to test simple and effective means of disinfecting the syringe tip between applications. In the first part of the study, syringe tips used for application of Minocycline subgingival formula in 20 adult periodontitis patients were cultured for bacteria resistant to this drug before and after disinfecting them with ethanol. The results showed that 80% of the unwashed syringes were culture positive for minocycline resistant bacteria, whereas only 1 ethanol washed syringe tip was contaminated. In part II of the study, after dispensing minocycline periodontal formula in 20 patients, 10 of the syringe tips were washed with ethanol while 10 were left untreated. All syringes were stored in a refrigerator for 8 days, where after the tips were sampled for resistant bacteria. 20% of the unwashed tips were contaminated after 8 days incubation at 4°C. None of the ethanol washed syringe tips were culture positive. We conclude that syringe tips may be contaminated with antibiotic resistant bacteria after dispensing the antibiotic in periodontal pockets. The transmission of these bacteria to other periodontal sites may be avoided by disinfecting the syringe tip with ethanol between applications. We have also shown that antibiotic resistant bacteria may survive on the syringe tip following 8 days storage in a refrigerator, suggesting that syringes used for subgingival deposition of an antibiotic should not be stored for reuse.     

自毁式注射器替代普通一次性注射器的成本-效益分析

目的：对自毁式注射器（AD）替代普通一次性注射器的安全注射措施进行成本－效益分析，探讨该措施的经济可行性。方法：现场调查乙型肝炎（乙肝）患者的直接医疗费用，并根据1998年国家卫生服务调查资料和现场调查结果，计算乙肝所造成的失能调整生命年损失及其疾病经济负担。将安全注射减轻的乙肝患者疾病负担作为效益指标，并将AD替代普通一次性注射器增加的直接费用作为成本，对该干预措施进行成本－效益分析。结果：2001年中国乙肝患者总的医疗费用为161．95－201．67亿元，年人均治疗费用为1755.38-1409.64元。AD代替普通一次性注射器方案的总成本比为32.46-97.39，具有良好的经济效益，且农村优于城市。当两种注射器的差价＞0．24元时，AD替代方案的直接效益成本比值开始＜1。结论：用AD替代普通一次性注射器的方法来解决安全注射问题在经济上是可行的，符合成本效益原则。     

Alcohol liberates dye of syringes

Foreign particles may contaminate intraocular surgery and have a role in postoperative inflammation. Irrigation solutions, viscoelastics, air and instruments introduced into the eye may carry in a number of organic or inorganic, inert or reactive foreign material. Dye of colored indicators on syringes may also behave as an unrecognized contaminant. This dye material is easily released from syringes by exposure to alcohol. The significance of dye contamination and possible outcomes were discussed.     

Five years of needle syringe exchange in Manipur, India: programme and contextual issues

This paper reviews the performance of the syringe exchange programmes (SEPs) in Manipur, northeast India, with the objective of identifying good practice, and areas that require improvement. The paper also examines contextual and structural factors in Manipur that inhibit optimal functioning of SEPs and hinder behaviour change, and argues that these factors need to be addressed as part of any endeavour aimed at improving services and programme coverage in the future.