胎膜早破与生殖道B族溶血性链球菌和解脲支原体感染的关系

目的 探讨胎膜早破孕妇与生殖道B族溶血性链球菌（GBS）和解脲支原体（UU）感染的关系。方法 随机抽取我院住院待产或临产的孕妇826例，在肛查或阴道内诊前取阴道或宫颈分泌物，进行GBS和UU检测。结果 UU和GBS皆阳性的孕妇胎膜早破发生率均高于单一病原体阳性组和全部阴性组（χ^2=7．45、8．36，P〈0．05）。结论 UU和GBS之间可能通过协同作用而引起胎膜早破。     

MMP-9/TIMP-1在脂多糖和N-乙酰半胱氨酸干预体外孵育胎膜中的表达及意义

目的探讨感染引发早产的可能机制及N-乙酰半胱氨酸(NAC)预防感染引发早产的可行性。方法取20例正常择期剖宫产孕妇(无妊娠合并症及临产征兆)的胎膜在体外进行孵育,共分成5组:0 h组(取下后未经孵育的胎膜),24 h组,48 h组,72 h细菌内毒素脂多糖组(LPS组),72 h LPS NAC组(LPS NAC组)。首先评价体外孵育胎膜的存活力,然后应用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)分别测定5组胎膜的基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)及金属蛋白酶组织抑制因子-1(TIMP-1)mRNA表达水平的变化,最后比较LPS组和LPS NAC组MMP-9/TIMP-1比值的变化。结果体外孵育胎膜的存活力达到83%±1.9%,RT-PCR可见0 h组及48 h组的MMP-9表达微弱,24 h组的表达较前两组增强(P<0.05),LPS组的表达最强(与24 h组比较P<0.01),LPS NAC组的表达低于LPS组(P<0.01),各组TIMP-1的表达无明显区别(P>0.05),LPS NAC组较LPS组MMP-9/TIMP-1比值明显降低(P<0.01)。结论MMP-9/TIMP-1比值升高可能是感染引发早产的机制之一,NAC有望在预防和治疗早产中发挥作用。     

体重不足1500g早产儿动脉导管未闭的治疗

目的:通过对体重不足1500g的早产儿接受动脉导管早期结扎术者与仅接受消炎痛(indomethacin)治疗者的临床记录回顾性分析来寻找和确定更适当的治疗方法和方向。方法:我们把1996年7月至2003年12月治疗过的40例体重不足1500g的动脉导管未闭早产儿分为接受消炎痛的治疗者与未给予消炎痛而直接接受外科结扎者,对其结果做了比较分析。结果:消炎痛治疗者与外科手术者中的生存者与死亡者进行比较,二者在患者的体重,孕龄,伴随的心脏畸形,动脉导管的大小,消炎痛治疗并发症,机械辅助呼吸时间,ICU住院时间等均无显著性差异(P>0.05);对消炎痛治疗者与外科手术者进行比较,仅在并发症之间有显著性差异(P<0.05),即消炎痛治疗者有7例出现并发症(36.8%),而外科手术者的5例死亡也与患儿的术前状态密切相关。结论:对体重不足1500g的动脉导管未闭早产儿而言,因受消炎痛用药条件的限制、较高的并发症发生率和失败率,早期行动脉导管结扎术不失为有效的治疗手段。     

早产儿肺出血机械通气治疗探讨

目的:探讨低机械通气参数治疗早产儿肺出血的疗效及应用价值。方法:将96例肺出血早产儿随机分为较低机械通气参数(IPPV+PEEP)治疗组和常频机械通气参数(IPPV+PEEP)对照组,并对结果进行统计学分析。结果:治疗组52例肺出血早产儿中存活45例,死亡6例,放弃治疗1例;对照组44例肺出血早产儿中存活27例,死亡11例,放弃治疗6例。存活者平均机械通气治疗时间79h(最短10h,最长120h)。结论:采用机械通气能显著提高早产儿肺出血治愈率,可大大降低早产儿肺出血的死亡率。低机械通气参数比常频机械通气参数优越。     

早期干预对早产儿生存质量影响的研究

目的探讨早期干预对提高早产儿生存质量的作用。方法对128例早产儿采用医务人员和家长相结合的摸式,按照鲍秀兰教授主编的0~3岁教育大纲进行早期干预(教育),设为干预组;90例出院后家长拒绝干预的早产儿设为对照组。对两组患儿定期随访,进行体格发育检查和应用Gesell婴幼儿发育量表测试发育商(DQ)。对脑损害较重的患儿给予新生儿期后的继续治疗。对两组早产儿随访结果进行对比分析。结果干预组一周岁半时,除一例伤残儿外,体重、身长、头围均达正常,而对照组有17例体重或身长低于正常(P<0·01);干预组各个能区的DQ均高于对照组(P均<0·01),一周岁半时平均总DQ(103·1±10·3)明显高于对照组的(88·7±10·7),差异有统计学意义(t=9·61,P<0·01),干预组总DQ<70仅1例(1/128,0·78%),而对照组有6例(6/90,6·67%),差异有统计学意义(χ2=5·9,P<0·05);干预组脑瘫发生率0·78%(1/128),低于对照组的3·33%(3/90)。差异有统计学意义(χ2=7·75,P<0·01)。结论医务人员和家长密切配合,对早产儿早期干预(教育),可促进体格和智能发育,减少伤残,提高生存质量。     

Should every unit have a 24-hour transvaginal ultrasound available?

The purpose of this debate is to argue the merits of whether the availability of 24-hour transvaginal ultrasound service in every unit will help predict and, subsequently, prevent preterm birth. Any new test introduced will need to fulfil certain criteria. It must be acceptable in terms of risk, cost and patient convenience. It must be an improvement over existing alternatives, and it must aid clinicians to improve care. While the 24-hour availability of transvaginal ultrasound to every maternity unit may be useful to research and teaching, there is, as yet, little evidence that a 24-hour transvaginal ultrasound service improves perinatal and maternal morbidity and mortality. Results from our own centre suggest that experienced clinicians can make an acceptable diagnosis of spontaneous preterm labour (PTL) using only history and digital examination. Based on these findings, the availability of 24-hour vaginal ultrasound in every unit cannot be justified for the diagnosis of spontaneous PTL.     

Mode of delivery in the early preterm infant (<28 weeks)

Elective caesarean section for women in labour with an immature baby might reduce the chances of fetal or neonatal death, but might also increase the risk of maternal morbidity. A review (updated in February 2004) of randomised trials comparing a policy of elective caesarean section versus expectant management with recourse to caesarean section produced six studies involving only 122 women. Differences in fetal outcome did not reach significance, but mothers undergoing elective caesarean section were more likely to have serious morbidity. Scientifically, the evidence remains inadequate. Clinically, the recommendation is that prematurity is not, in itself, an indication for caesarean section. In a survey from Israel, published in December 2004, of 2955 very low birthweight infants born at 24–34 weeks of gestation, the overall caesarean section rate was 51.7%, and the mortality rate among babies prior to discharge was lower after caesarean section (13.2 versus 21.8%). After adjustment using multiple logistic regression, caesarean section had no effect on survival except in a subgroup with amnionitis, and it was again concluded that caesarean section cannot be routinely recommended unless there are other indications. A decision model developed in the USA has compared costs and health outcomes of two options for managing labour at 24 weeks of gestation. The probabilities of both intact survival (16.8 versus 12.9%) and survival with major morbidity (39.2 versus 19.4%) are higher with willingness to perform caesarean section, but less aggressive management is the more cost-effective strategy. Large studies are few and recruitment to such studies is perceived as a major problem. For clinicians, the decision will be influenced by local circumstances.     

粘着斑激酶在早产大鼠高氧肺损伤肺组织中的表达变化和意义

目的探讨粘着斑激酶(FAK)与高氧肺损伤发生、发展的关系。方法剖宫术取出孕21 d大鼠作为早产鼠,分别置早产鼠于85％高氧环境下3、7和14 d,各组均以空气组早产鼠为对照,留取肺组织标本,采用免疫组织化学法和Western blot技术对高氧组和空气组肺组织FAK多肽表达进行定位、定量检测,采用RT-PCR方法对FAK mRNA表达水平进行半定量分析。结果 FAK mRNA和蛋白在空气组早产大鼠肺组织均有较高水平表达,高氧暴露3、7和14 d后,FAK mRNA和蛋白表达水平均呈不同程度的下降,尤以高氧14 d最明显。结论高氧抑制FAK表达是导致正常肺泡化过程受阻以及不成熟肺组织损伤后异常修复的重要因素,其机制可能与其抑制肺泡上皮细胞增殖、分化,以及毛细血管形成有关。     

产前联合应用地塞米松与维生素K1预防早产儿脑室周围-脑室内出血的效果

目的探讨产前联合应用地塞米松(DEX) VitK1预防早产儿脑室周围-脑室内出血(PIVH)的疗效。方法将264例胎龄<35周早产儿随机分成3组:A组产前母亲应用DEX组133例,孕妇在分娩前静脉点滴DEX 10 mg/d,连用2 d。B组产前母亲联合应用DEX与VitK1组(DEX VitK1组)44例:孕妇在分娩前静脉点滴DEX外,给予VitK110 mg/d,连用2~7 d。C组分娩前母亲未用DEX和VitK1为对照组,共87例。婴儿出生后常规作头颅超声,了解是否存在PIVH及其程度。结果3组早产儿PIVH发生率分别为DEX组52.6%,DEX VitK1组31.8%,对照组65.2%,3组间有显著差异(χ2=13.469 P=0.001);DEX VitK1组重度PIVH发生率显著降低。结论产前联合应用DEX与VitK1能够显著降低早产儿PIVH的发生率,并减轻其程度。     

导管射频消融治疗严重症状性室性早搏的初步研究

目的:探索导管射频消融治疗严重症状性室性早搏(室早)伴或不伴室早诱发的短阵室性心动过速(室速)的安全性、效率和方法学。方法:18例严重症状性室早患者入选本研究,术前室早数量平均(117±37)次/h。术前根据同步12导联体表心电图初步推测室性早搏产生部位,术中依据初步推测的室早产生部位采用心室激动顺序标测法与起搏标测法进行室早标测定位,大头消融电极标测到室早最早激动点较体表心电图QRS波提前25ms以上或消融电极起搏心电图QRS波图形与室早图形11/12以上一致时放电消融。结果:18例患者导管射频消融即时成功16例,术后室早数(6±2)次/h,较术前显著减少(P<0.05);随访12个月,18例中16例消融成功,成功率88.9%;无严重并发症发生。结论:导管射频消融治疗严重症状性室早伴或不伴室早诱发的短阵室速安全、有效,同步12导联体表心电图对室早的定位有重要的指导意义。