制造业工人肌肉骨骼疾患发生模式及影响因素

目的 探讨制造业工人工作相关肌肉骨骼疾患(work-related musculoskeletal disorders,WMSDs)在多个部位的发生模式及其影响因素。方法 应用肌肉骨骼疾患调查问卷对4家制造企业工人的WMSDs患病情况及影响因素展开流行病学调查。WMSDs病例定义为过去一年内身体颈部、肩部、肘部、手腕/手、上背部、下背部、臀/大腿、膝部、踝/足9个部位中一个或多个部位出现疼痛、麻木、不适或活动受限等症状,持续时间超过24 h,经休息后症状仍未完全缓解,且排除外伤、残疾、其他急症或后遗症等。各部位WMSDs患病情况间的关联度用log-binomial模型计算出的现患比(PR值)评估,采用多分类Logistic回归模型分析WMSDs主要患病部位中多个部位共患病的影响因素。结果 制造业工人WMSDs总患病率达79.7%,主要患病部位为下背部、颈部、肩部和上背部,患病率依次为62.3%、55.7%、45.6%和38.7%。这4个部位患病情况间的PR值较高,4个部位共患病率为25.2%,3~4个部位共患病率为41.4%。多分类Lgistic回归分析提示,颈部、肩部、上背部和下背部中3~4个部位患WMSDs的影响因素涉及多个方面,其中女性(OR=2.86,95%CI 2.38~3.33)、工龄15~19年者(OR=1.87,95%CI 1.49~2.34)患病风险较高;颈部经常长时间或频繁前倾(OR=2.15,95%CI 1.86~2.48)、颈部经常长时间或频繁扭转(OR=1.64,95%CI 1.40~1.92)和经常大幅转身(OR=1.40,95%CI 1.20~1.64)等生物力学因素可能为疾患发生的危险因素;每天做相同的工作(OR=1.73,95%CI 1.44~2.08)、员工短缺(OR=1.50,95%CI 1.31~1.71)和经常加班(OR=1.38,95%CI 1.20~1.60)等组织管理因素可能增加疾患的发生风险;经常长时间站着工作(OR=0.77,95%CI 0.65~0.91)和感觉工间休息时间充足(OR=0.51,95%CI 0.44~0.59)等因素为保护性因素。结论 本研究中制造业工人颈部、肩部、上背部和下背部WMSDs患病率高,4个部位的患病情况间关联密切,其3~4部位共患病率较高,提示在制造业工人中可能存在“颈-肩-上背-下背”多个部位患病的WMSDs发生模式,这种模式的主要影响因素包括个体因素、生物力学因素和组织管理因素几个方面。     

Selection of criteria for assessment of occlusal acceptability

There is no general agreement on criteria that could be applied to distinguish between orthodontically acceptable and non-acceptable occlusions after the completion of dental development. The aim of the present study was to analyse morphological and functional features that could be used as an index to define an acceptable occlusion in young adults. Three expert panels representing specialists in orthodontics and stomatognathic physiology participated in a modified Delphi method. Each panel responded to a questionnaire concerning the usefulness of various occlusal features, and a set of characteristics was selected on the basis of the responses; thereafter, applicability of the chosen characteristics and their cutoffs for an acceptable-non-acceptable dichotomy was tested clinically. To obtain a consensus level of 100%, the last panel session was completed with a group discussion. Assessments made using the morphological criteria were compared with those made with the dental health component of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need. The selected morphological characteristics consisted of overjet, overbite, canine relationship, crossbite, scissors bite and midline deviation. The functional evaluation comprised assessments of discrepancy between the centric relation and the intercuspal position, working- and non-working-side contacts and protrusion contacts. The dental health component and our morphological criteria showed different sensitivity to contact point displacements, interdigitation in buccal segments and increased overbite. This study provides a set of morphological and functional indicators reflecting the current consensus opinion of Finnish professionals. Further studies are needed to analyse the reproducibility of assessment of the characteristics included.     

面向中药产业新型分离过程的特种膜材料与装备设计、集成及应用

人类社会的发展历程是以材料为主要标志的。《学术引领系列·国家科学思想库·未来10年中国学科发展战略:材料科学》指出:材料科学已经成为现代科学技术赖以发展与深化的实质性环节,对科学技术的发展起着基础和先导作用;一类新材料的出现还可以带动一个产业领域的诞生。过程工业对资源、能源的过度消耗和对环境的污染已经成为制约人类社会可持续发展的瓶颈问题,而化学工程一直是实现物质高效转化和能量有效利用的重要手段,进入21世纪,化学工程的目标已转化为:依托性能优越、环境友好和功能齐备的新型结构功能材料发展新的过程工业技术,形成新的工艺流程和集成技术,以达到高效、低耗、无污染的目的。膜技术以先进分离材料为载体,可在温和、低成本条件下实现物质分子水平的分离,特别适合现代工业对节能、低品位原材料再利用和消除环境污染的需要,已成为解决当代人类面临的能源、水资源、环境等领域重大问题的共性关键技术。膜材料与装备应用于中药产业可显著提升生产效率。通过分析膜材料与技术在国外医药产业和国内中医药产业的应用概况,面向中药产业应用过程的产业升级与绿色发展,提出将材料化学工程理论与方法引入中医药领域,开展具有自主知识产权的原创研究,构建以膜分离技术为核心的新型分离过程、分离流程及其专属装备,实现中药生产过程的节能减排。通过阐述20年来本课题组在中药及其复方水提液体系、油水混合体系等复杂体系分离过程产业化基础研究探索与工程化应用实践,为建立以特种膜技术为核心的中药新型分离过程的设计、集成与应用提供理论基础与应用示范。     

基于“绿色设计”理念的中药制药膜分离工艺选择原则与方法

面向绿色制造的中药制药工艺路线设计,亦称"绿色设计",其目的是极小化产品全生命周期过程的资源消耗和环境影响,协调优化经济效益和环境效益。以膜技术为核心的制药分离工艺技术与药物绿色制造息息相关,"环境、性能和成本"三大要求和成熟度、分离技术原理是制药分离工艺绿色设计的基本要素,"清洁工艺"可降低原料及能源耗损,切合"预防优于治理"的理念,也可提高企业的经济效益,对生态保护和经济建设的和谐发展具有重要保障作用。以构建膜与树脂技术系统集成为例,介绍中药制药工艺绿色设计具体实施方案,对中药制药分离工艺设计的技术经济问题开展分析和讨论。     

白及产业现状及可持续发展策略

近年来,白及产业发展迅速,在医药、保健、美容等领域广泛应用,但是仍存在制约产业可持续发展的问题。通过对白及市场和产业发展现状进行实地调查,查阅相关文献并结合课题组研究成果,发现其主要存在以下制约因素：野生资源短缺,品种参差不齐;作用机制不明确,综合利用程度低;质量标准不明确,品质难以控制;产业层次低,产业集群发展缓慢等。因此,应通过加强白及种质资源保护和优良品种选育,深化白及作用机制和综合开发利用研究,完善白及质量评价体系,实施品牌战略,拓展销售市场等方法促进白及产业健康及可持续发展。     

加拿大“辅助生殖组织”管理标准介绍(一)

中国辅助生殖技术(ART)在近30年里发展迅速,已接近国际先进水平。但是,我国ART标准化的工作尚处于初级阶段。加拿大标准协会(CSA)自2000年开始进行"辅助生殖组织"国家标准的制订。本文分3个单元介绍加拿大"辅助生殖组织"(CAN/CSA-Z900.2.1-12)国家标准的主要内容。该标准涵盖了辅助生殖组织管理的各个方面,包括公司与工作人员的要求,设备的要求,标准的操作程序、规范及质量控制,记录和随访的要求,感染的预防及控制,捐赠者和接受者的规范,不良事件的监控等。该标准的有关内容值得研究和借鉴,可为我国ART和相关医疗器械产品的科学监管,以及辅助生殖中心的规范管理提供参考,从而促进该领域的健康有序发展。     

现代中药产业发展的金融支持研究

金融支持是影响中药产业快速发展的关键因素。由于企业规模小、信息不对称、经营风险高、财产抵押难等方面原因,我国中药产业发展面临着较强的资金约束。在深入分析中药企业研发、创业孵化、初创、加速成长、稳定等阶段融资特征的基础上,提出了充分利用银行信贷、信用担保、创新基金、风险投资、上市融资等方式为中药产业发展提供金融支持。     

African media coverage of tobacco industry corporate social responsibility initiatives

Guidelines for implementing the World Health Organization's Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) recommend prohibiting tobacco industry corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives, but few African countries have done so. We examined African media coverage of tobacco industry CSR initiatives to understand whether and how such initiatives were presented to the public and policymakers. We searched two online media databases (Lexis Nexis and Access World News) for all news items published from 1998 to 2013, coding retrieved items through a collaborative, iterative process. We analysed the volume, type, provenance, slant and content of coverage, including the presence of tobacco control or tobacco interest themes. We found 288 news items; most were news stories published in print newspapers. The majority of news stories relied solely on tobacco industry representatives as news sources, and portrayed tobacco industry CSR positively. When public health voices and tobacco control themes were included, news items were less likely to have a positive slant. This suggests that there is a foundation on which to build media advocacy efforts. Drawing links between implementing the FCTC and prohibiting or curtailing tobacco industry CSR programmes may result in more public dialogue in the media about the negative impacts of tobacco company CSR initiatives.     

Alcohol industry involvement in science: A systematic review of the perspectives of the alcohol research community

Issues

Alcohol companies have recently invested large sums of money in answering research questions to which they have clear vested interests in the outcomes. There have been extensive concerns about corporate influence on public health sciences, following the experience with the tobacco industry.

Approach

This systematic review aims to investigate the perspectives of researchers on the activities of alcohol industry actors in relation to science, in order to guide future research. All data published in peer‐reviewed journals (including commentaries, opinion pieces, editorials and letters as well as research reports) were eligible for inclusion. This analysis focuses on the manifest rather than latent content of the articulated views, and accordingly adopts a thematic analysis using an inductive approach to the generation of themes.

Key Findings

There are serious concerns identified in three main areas, principally defined by where the impacts of industry scientific activities occur; on evidence informed policy making (instrumental uses of research by industry actors), on the content of the scientific evidence base itself (industry funding as a source of bias); and on the processes of undertaking research (transgressions of basic scientific norms). There are also opposing views which provide a useful critique. The evidence‐base on the validity of all concerns has been slow to develop.

Implications

The concerns are extensive, longstanding and unresolved and high quality investigations are needed.

Conclusion

This study informs the detailed content of the research needed to address the concerns identified here.