标准去骨瓣减压术联合脑脊液循环重建治疗重型颅脑损伤的疗效比较

目的探讨单纯标准去骨瓣减压术与联合脑脊液循环重建术治疗重型颅脑损伤的疗效。方法 72例经同一术者手术的重型颅脑损伤患者分为研究组38例和对照组34例。研究组给予标准去骨瓣减压术联合脑脊液循环重建治疗,对照组予以单纯去骨瓣治疗。对比两组临床疗效。结果研究组与对照组术前临床资料(性别、年龄、致伤原因、GCS评分、Helsinki CT评分及手术时机)无明显差异(P0.05)。研究组手术减压完成时间相对较长(2.8±0.4 h vs.2.5±0.3 h,P0.05);、术后第1天Helsinki CT评分较低[3(2,5)vs.5(2,9),P0.01];术后NICU滞留时间较短(5.54±3.09 d vs.7.24±2.74 d,P0.01);术后7 d内颅内压超过20 mm Hg的累计时间较短(23.2±4.4 h vs 56.8±8.3 h,P0.01);术后3个月GOS评分研究组显著优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论相对于传统标准去骨瓣减压术,联合术中脑脊液循环重建治疗重型颅脑损伤的疗效显著提高,值得多中心临床研究进一步研究。     

重型颅脑损伤患者死亡原因分析及应对策略

目的 回顾性研究总结重型颅脑损伤的死亡原因和救治经验。方法分析GCS3～8分的483例重型颅脑损伤病人的伤情、处理措施和预后。结果重型颅脑损伤的死亡率为28％,其中GCS6-8分为15%,3-5分56％,严重脑裂伤、脑肿胀和合并并发症为死亡的主要原因。结论早期诊断、早期处理,有效降低颅内压和防治并发症是降低死亡率的三大主要措施;强调动态CT复查和去骨瓣减压术的重要性。     

标准大骨瓣开颅减压术治疗重型颅脑损伤和大面积脑梗死(附49例报告)

目的探讨标准大骨瓣减压术治疗重型颅脑损伤和大面积脑梗死的临床效果。方法回顾性的分析2006年1月至2011年1月标准大骨瓣开颅减压术治疗的38例重型颅脑损伤和11例大面积脑梗死患者临床资料。结果出院时按GOS分级,38例重型颅脑损伤患者中,GOSⅠ级15例,Ⅱ~Ⅲ级4例,Ⅳ~Ⅴ级19例。11例大面积脑梗死患者中,GOSⅠ级4例,Ⅱ~Ⅲ级1例,Ⅳ~Ⅴ级6例。结论标准大骨瓣减压术是治疗重型颅脑损伤和大面积脑梗塞的有效方法。     

Cost‐effectiveness of decompressive craniectomy in non‐traumatic neurological emergencies

Background: Decompressive craniectomy is used regularly in traumatic brain injury (TBI) and malignant middle cerebral artery infarction. Its benefits for other causes of non‐traumatic brain swelling, if any, are unclear, especially after a devastating primary event. Methods: We evaluated the outcomes as well as treatment costs of all emergency decompressive craniectomies performed between the 2000 and 2006 in a single institution to lower intractable intracranial pressure, excluding the standard indications TBI and malignant middle cerebral infarction. The health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) was evaluated on the Euroqol (EQ‐5D) scale, and cost of a quality‐adjusted life year (QALY) calculated. Results: The overall 3‐year mortality rate was 62% for subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH, 29 patients) and 31% for other neurological emergencies (13 patients). Patients with SAH were on average 13 years older than the other indications mean. Of the non‐survivors, 45% died within a month and 95% within 1 year. Median EQ‐5D index values were poor (0.15 for SAH and 0.62 for the other emergencies, versus 0.85 for the normal population), but of the survivors, 73% and 89% were able to live at home. The cost of neurosurgical treatment for one QALY was 11 000 € for SAH and 2000 € for other emergencies. Conclusion: Mortality after non‐traumatic neurological emergencies leading to decompressive craniectomy was high, and the HRQoL index of the survivors was poor. Most survivors were, however, able to live at home, and the cost of neurosurgical treatment for a QALY gained was acceptable.     

Decompressive hemicraniectomy in ischaemic stroke

Background and purposeHemispheric ischaemic stroke complicated by oedema is associated with high mortality. The results of randomized studies showed that decompressive hemicraniectomy performed in this group of patients could be beneficial. First experiences with implementation of hemicraniectomy in patients with brain infarct in our stroke centre are presented.Material and methodsBetween August 2007 and July 2008, four patients with hemispheric brain infarcts complicated by malignant oedema underwent decompressive hemicraniectomy within 72 hours from symptoms onset. Stroke severity was assessed with the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS). Clinical outcome was assessed 3, 6 and 12 months after the event using the modified Rankin scale (mRS).ResultsIn the first patient, the neurosurgical procedure included only decompressive hemicraniectomy, whereas in the other three duraplasty was performed additionally. The first patient died 23 days after the stroke onset due to acute respiratory failure. Another died at four months after the event, due to infectious complications. The remaining two patients presented severe functional disability 12 months after the procedure (mRS score 4).ConclusionsDecompressive surgery with duraplasty can be a life-saving procedure for patients with brain oedema. To our knowledge, the presented cases are among the first reported cases of hemispheric ischaemic stroke treated with decompressive hemicraniectomy in Poland. Extended follow-up with a larger group of patients is necessary to assess long-term outcome.     

高原地区颅脑损伤去骨瓣减压术后并发症分析

目的 分析高原地区颅脑损伤患者经去骨瓣减压手术治疗后的相关并发症.方法 回顾性分析西藏军区总院2007年6月～2012年6月收治的167例经去骨瓣减压手术治疗的高原地区颅脑损伤患者的病例资料,分析去骨瓣减压手术相关并发症的类型和发生率以及相关临床因素.结果 35例（21.0%）减压术后6个月内死亡.78例（46.7%）发生去骨瓣减压术相关并发症,其中39例（23.4%）出现≥2种并发症.在术后并发症中,脑膨出的发生率最高（26.9%）,其次是硬膜下积液（25.1%）.入院GCS评分低和年龄高与并发症的发生相关.结论 高原地区颅脑损伤去骨瓣减压术最常见的相关并发症为脑膨出和硬膜下积液.术者应考虑GCS评分和年龄等危险因素,预防和采取有效措施防治并发症,改善高原地区颅脑损伤患者预后.     

标准大骨瓣减压术与常规去骨瓣减压术治疗重型颅脑损伤疗效比较

目的探讨标准大骨瓣减压术治疗重型颅脑损伤的疗效。方法选取我院神经外科2016年1月～2017年1月治疗的重型颅脑损伤患者60例,所有入选患者应用随机数字表分为观察组和对照组,每组30例,对照组采取常规去骨瓣减压术,观察组采取标准大骨瓣减压术,比较两组的手术治疗效果、术前术后颅内压变化情况及并发症情况。结果观察组的总有效率达50.0%,显著高于对照组的23.3%,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组患者治疗后的颅内压术后1、3、7 d分别显著低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组术后仅1例出现急性脑膨出,而对照组6例出现急性脑膨出,两组急性脑膨出的发生率比较,差异有统计学意义(3.3%vs 20.0%,P0.05)。结论标准大骨瓣减压术较常规去骨瓣减压术治疗重型颅脑损伤疗效更具优势,可以显著降低颅内压,且并发症少。     

大骨瓣减压对重型颅脑创伤治疗作用的临床研究

目的 探讨大骨瓣减压术(DC)对重度颅脑损伤(STBI)的治疗价值.方法 纳入132例STBI患者,分两组采用大骨瓣减压术或常规骨瓣开颅,每组各66人.随访6个月,首要结局评价指标为临床疗效,次要结局评价指标为术后并发症的发生.结果 6个月时,大骨瓣减压术组死亡10例(15.2％)、长期昏迷2例(3.0％)、重等残疾13例(19.7％)、中等残疾6例(9.1％)、良好35例(53.0％);常规骨瓣开颅组分别为14例(21.2％)、4例(6.1％)、20例(30.3％)、18例(27.3％)、10例(15.2％).大骨瓣减压术组疗效好于常规骨瓣开颅组(,=37.998,P=0.000).6个月内,大骨瓣减压术组发生急性脑膨出7例(10.6％)、迟发性血肿5例(7.6％)、外伤癫痫6例(9.1％)、颅内感染3例(4.5％)、切口脑脊液漏3例(4.5％),总共并发症24例(36.4％);常规骨瓣开颅组分别为20例(30.3％)、5例(7.6％)、7例(10.6％)、2例(3.0％)、2例(3.0％)和36例(54.5％).大骨瓣减压术组术后并发症少于常规骨瓣开颅组(x2=4.400,P=0.036).经多因素凋整后,大骨瓣减压术疗效良好的机会是常规骨瓣开颅的2.173倍(p=0.011).结论 大骨瓣减压术对重度颅脑损伤的治疗效果优于常规骨瓣开颅,预后好、并发症少.     

Poor Prognosis of Acute Stroke Patients Denied Thrombolysis Due to Early CT Findings

OBJECTIVES: Whether acute stroke patients with major early infarct signs on computed tomography (CT) should be treated with intravenous (i.v.) thrombolysis remains controversial. The authors sought to define the outcomes in 5 consecutive patients who were not treated with i.v. thrombolysis, according to established guidelines. METHODS: The authors retrospectively analyzed the outcomes of a consecutive series of 5 patients evaluated by an acute stroke team at a university medical center and who were denied i.v. tissue plasminogen activator due to early CT changes. RESULTS: Five patients with a median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score of 22 (range 20-28) were evaluated. Despite aggressive care (e.g., hemicraniectomy), 2 patients died owing to herniation, 1 patient died of cardiac causes, and neither of the 2 surviving patients achieved a 3-month Rankin score below 4 (moderately severe disability). CONCLUSIONS: Given the poor prognosis of patients with hemispheric stroke and early CT changes, alternative treatment modalities such as intra-arterial thrombolysis, early hemicraniectomy, and neuroprotective therapy should be vigorously pursued.