Mildly Pasteurized Whey Protein Promotes Gut Tolerance in Immature Piglets Compared with Extensively Heated Whey Protein

Human milk is the optimal diet for infant development, but infant milk formula (IMF) must be available as an alternative. To develop high-quality IMF, bovine milk processing is required to ensure microbial safety and to obtain a protein composition that mimics human milk. However, processing can impact the quality of milk proteins, which can influence gastro-intestinal (GI) tolerance by changing digestion, transit time and/or absorption. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of structural changes of proteins due to thermal processing on gastro-intestinal tolerance in the immature GI tract. Preterm and near-term piglets received enteral nutrition based on whey protein concentrate (WPC) either mildly pasteurized (MP-WPC) or extensively heated (EH-WPC). Clinical symptoms, transit time and gastric residuals were evaluated. In addition, protein coagulation and protein composition of coagulates formed during in vitro digestion were analyzed in more detail. Characterization of MP-WPC and EH-WPC revealed that mild pasteurization maintained protein nativity and reduced aggregation of β-lactoglobulin and α-lactalbumin, relative to EH-WPC. Mild pasteurization reduced the formation of coagulates during digestion, resulting in reduced gastric residual volume and increased intestinal tract content. In addition, preterm piglets receiving MP-WPC showed reduced mucosal bacterial adherence in the proximal small intestine. Finally, in vitro digestion studies revealed less protein coagulation and lower levels of β-lactoglobulin and α-lactalbumin in the coagulates of MP-WPC compared with EH-WPC. In conclusion, minimal heat treatment of WPC compared with extensive heating promoted GI tolerance in immature piglets, implying that minimal heated WPC could improve the GI tolerance of milk formulas in infants.     

Whole Goat Milk as a Source of Fat and Milk Fat Globule Membrane in Infant Formula

Cow milk is the most common dairy milk and has been extensively researched for its functional, technological and nutritional properties for a wide range of products. One such product category is infant formula, which is the most suitable alternative to feed infants, when breastfeeding is not possible. Most infant formulas are based on cow milk protein ingredients. For several reasons, consumers now seek alternatives such as goat milk, which has increasingly been used to manufacture infant, follow-on and young child formulas over the last 30 years. While similar in many aspects, compositional and functional differences exist between cow and goat milk. This offers the opportunity to explore different formulations or manufacturing options for formulas based on goat milk. The use of whole goat milk as the only source of proteins in formulas allows levels of milk fat, short and medium chain fatty acids, sn-2 palmitic acid, and milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) to be maximised. These features improve the composition and microstructure of whole goat milk-based infant formula, providing similarities to the complex human milk fat globules, and have been shown to benefit digestion, and cognitive and immune development. Recent research indicates a role for milk fat and MFGM on digestive health, the gut–brain axis and the gut–skin axis. This review highlights the lipid composition of whole goat milk-based infant formula and its potential for infant nutrition to support healthy digestion, brain development and immunity. Further work is warranted on the role of these components in allergy development and the advantages of goat milk fat and MFGM for infant nutrition and health.     

Diabetes-Specific Nutrition Formulas in the Management of Patients with Diabetes and Cardiometabolic Risk

Food-based dietary management, enhanced with evidence-based commercial products, such as diabetes-specific nutrition formulas (DSNFs), can help control the development, progression, and severity of certain chronic diseases. In this review, evidence is detailed on the use of DSNFs in patients with or at risk for diabetes and cardiometabolic-based chronic disease. Many DSNF strategies target glycemic excursions and cardiovascular physiology, taking into account various elements of healthy eating patterns. Nevertheless, significant research, knowledge, and practice gaps remain. These gaps are actionable in terms of formulating and testing relevant and pragmatic research questions, developing an educational program for the uniform distribution of information, and collaboratively writing clinical practice guidelines that incorporate the evidence base for DSNF. In sum, the benefits of DNSF as part of validated clinical practice algorithms include mitigation of chronic disease progression, cost-savings for the healthcare system, and applicability on a global scale     

痤螨灵霜的制备及临床应用

目的 介绍痤螨灵霜的制备及临床应用。方法 将134例患随机分成两组。治疗组采用痤螨灵霜,对照组采用新肤螨灵霜进行临床对比观察。结果 治疗组总有效率为97．2％,对照组总有效率为88．7％,两组比较有显性差异（P＜0．05）。结论 痤螨灵霜对痤疮疗效确切,使用方便,无刺激性。     

实验研究

目的：筛选治疗芥子气皮肤损伤的有效药物。方法：以刚断奶小猪为动物模型,染毒创面经连续1周分别外用速愈平,医用几丁糖,肤康霜,喜疗妥4种药物后,观察创面形态学和组织病理学变化,并取创面活检标本用流式细胞术分析细胞DNA周期变化来评价细胞增殖活力。结果：大体形态学发现,治疗组与对照组相比,红斑糜烂期出现时间,程度和范围无明显差别,但其中速愈平,几丁糖,肤康霜3组创面结痂时间早,愈合时间短,组织病理学观察也表明这3组创面细胞和纤维增生活跃,而喜疗妥组和对照组相比无明显差别,流式细胞术分析结果显示速愈平,几丁糖,肤康霜3组的创面S＋G2＋M期细胞比例显著高于喜疗妥组和对照组。结论：速愈平,几丁糖,肤康霜对猪皮肤芥子气损伤创面愈合有一定的促进作用。     

关于CRRT滤器清除率计算公式的验证和讨论

目的:验证一种更适用CRRT滤器产品清除率计算的公式。方法:按产品使用说明书设置血液流速、透析液流速和超滤率,分别测定尿素、肌酐、磷酸氢二钾和维生素B12四种物质在血液出入口和透析液出口的浓度,用YY 0053-2016《血液透析及相关治疗血液透析器、血液透析滤过器、血液滤过器和血液浓缩器》公式(使用血液侧浓度)和需验证的公式(使用透析液侧浓度)计算产品的清除率。结果:连续性血液透析使用血液侧浓度计算的清除率偏差明显高于使用透析液侧浓度计算的清除率偏差。结论:对于CRRT滤器来说,使用透析液侧浓度的公式进行清除率的计算偏差更小,更加准确。     

Priming for Life: Early Life Nutrition and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis

Microbes colonize the human body during the first moments of life and coexist with the host throughout the lifespan. Intestinal microbiota and their metabolites aid in the programming of important bodily systems such as the immune and the central nervous system during critical temporal windows of development, with possible structural and functional implications throughout the lifespan. These critical developmental windows perinatally (during the first 1000 days) are susceptible timepoints for insults that can endure long lasting effects on the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Environmental and parental factors like host genetics, mental health, nutrition, delivery and feeding mode, exposure to antibiotics, immune activation and microbiota composition antenatally, are all factors that are able to modulate the microbiota composition of mother and infant and may thus regulate important bodily functions. Among all these factors, early life nutrition plays a pivotal role in perinatal programming and in the modulation of offspring microbiota from birth throughout lifespan. This review aims to present current data on the impact of early life nutrition and microbiota priming of important bodily systems and all the factors influencing the microbial coexistence with the host during early life development.     

Dairy-Derived Emulsifiers in Infant Formula Show Marginal Effects on the Plasma Lipid Profile and Brain Structure in Preterm Piglets Relative to Soy Lecithin

Breastfed infants have higher intestinal lipid absorption and neurodevelopmental outcomes compared to formula-fed infants, which may relate to a different surface layer structure of fat globules in infant formula. This study investigated if dairy-derived emulsifiers increased lipid absorption and neurodevelopment relative to soy lecithin in newborn preterm piglets. Piglets received a formula diet containing soy lecithin (SL) or whey protein concentrate enriched in extracellular vesicles (WPC-A-EV) or phospholipids (WPC-PL) for 19 days. Both WPC-A-EV and WPC-PL emulsions, but not the intact diets, increased in vitro lipolysis compared to SL. The main differences of plasma lipidomics analysis were increased levels of some sphingolipids, and lipid molecules with odd-chain (17:1, 19:1, 19:3) as well as mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acyl chains (16:1, 20:1, 20:3) in the WPC-A-EV and WPC-PL groups and increased 18:2 fatty acyls in the SL group. Indirect monitoring of intestinal triacylglycerol absorption showed no differences between groups. Diffusor tensor imaging measurements of mean diffusivity in the hippocampus were lower for WPC-A-EV and WPC-PL groups compared to SL indicating improved hippocampal maturation. No differences in hippocampal lipid composition or short-term memory were observed between groups. In conclusion, emulsification of fat globules in infant formula with dairy-derived emulsifiers altered the plasma lipid profile and hippocampal tissue diffusivity but had limited effects on other absorptive and learning abilities relative to SL in preterm piglets.